Six-year cumulative treatment effect and treatment efficacy of a dual focus myopia control contact lens.

Purpose: Accumulated axial growth observed during a 6-year clinical trial of a dual focus myopia control contact lens was used to explore different approaches to assess treatment efficacy.

Methods: Axial length measurements from 170 eyes in a 6-year clinical trial of a dual focus myopia control lens (MiSight 1 day, CooperVision) were analysed. Treatment groups comprised one having undergone 6 years of treatment and the other (the initial control group) having 3 years of treatment after 3 years of wearing a single vision control lens.

Myopia Control Dose Delivered to Treated Eyes by a Dual-focus Myopia-control Contact Lens.

Purpose: This study examined the optical impact of a DF contact lens during near viewing in a sample of habitual DF lens wearing children.

Methods: Seventeen myopic children aged 14 to 18 years who had completed 3 or 6 years of treatment with a DF contact lens (MiSight 1 Day; CooperVision, Inc., San Ramon, CA) were recruited and fit bilaterally with the DF and a single-vision (Proclear 1 Day; CooperVision, Inc.

Corrigendum: Long-term narrowband lighting influences activity but not intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.

Long-term Effect of Dual-focus Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: A 6-year Multicenter Clinical Trial.

Significance: Treatment of myopic children with a dual-focus soft contact lens (DFCL; MiSight 1 day) produced sustained slowing of myopia progression over a 6-year period. Significant slowing was also observed in children switched from a single vision control to treatment lenses (3 years in each lens).

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of DFCLs in sustaining slowed progression of juvenile-onset myopia over a 6-year treatment period and assess myopia progression in children who were switched to a DFCL at the end of year 3.

Comparing low-coherence interferometry and A-scan ultrasonography in measuring ocular axial dimensions in young rhesus monkeys.

We investigated a commercial low-coherence interferometer (LenStar LS 900 optical biometer) in measuring young rhesus monkey ocular dimensions. Ocular biometry data obtained using a LenStar and an A-scan ultrasound instrument (OPT-scan 1000) from 163 rhesus monkeys during 20-348 days of age were compared by means of coefficients of concordance and 95% limits of agreement. Linear regression was employed to examine and analyze the inter-instrument discrepancies.

Long-Term Narrowband Lighting Influences Activity but Not Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell-Driven Pupil Responses.

Light affects a variety of non-image forming processes, such as circadian rhythm entrainment and the pupillary light reflex, which are mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of long- and short-wavelength ambient lighting on activity patterns and pupil responses in rhesus monkeys. Infant rhesus monkeys were reared under either broadband "white" light ( = 14), long-wavelength "red" light ( = 20; 630 nm), or short-wavelength "blue" light ( = 21; 465 nm) on a 12-h light/dark cycle starting at 24.

The effects of reduced ambient lighting on lens compensation in infant rhesus monkeys.

Although reduced ambient lighting (~50 lx) does not increase the degree of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chickens or infant monkeys, it does reduce the probability that monkeys will recover from FDM and that the normal age-dependent reduction in hyperopia will occur in monkeys reared with unrestricted vision. These findings suggest that low ambient lighting levels affect the regulatory mechanism responsible for emmetropization. To study this issue, infant rhesus monkeys (age ~ 24 days) were reared under dim light (55 ± 9 lx) with monocular -3D (dim-light lens-induced myopia, DL-LIM, n = 8) or +3D spectacle lenses (dim-light lens-induced hyperopia, DL-LIH, n = 7) until approximately 150 days of age.

Axial length targets for myopia control.

Purpose: Both emmetropic and myopic eyes elongate throughout childhood. The goals of this study were to compare axial elongation among untreated progressing myopes, progressing myopes treated with a myopia control contact lens and emmetropes, in order to place axial elongation in the context of normal eye growth in emmetropic children, and to consider whether normal physiological eye growth places limits on what might be achieved with myopia control.

Methods: Axial elongation data were taken from the 3-year randomised clinical trial of a myopia control dual-focus (MiSight® 1 day) contact lens.

The development of and recovery from form-deprivation myopia in infant rhesus monkeys reared under reduced ambient lighting.

Although reduced ambient lighting ("dim" light) can cause myopia in emmetropizing chicks, it does not necessarily lead to myopic changes in emmetropizing rhesus monkeys. Because myopia is rarely spontaneous, a question remained whether dim light would hasten the progression of visually induced myopia. To determine the effects of dim light on the development of and recovery from form-deprivation myopia (FDM), seven 3-week-old infant rhesus monkeys were reared under dim light (mean ± SD = 55 ± 9 lx) with monocular diffuser spectacles until ~154 days of age, then maintained in dim light with unrestricted vision until ~337 days of age to allow for recovery.

Eccentricity-dependent effects of simultaneous competing defocus on emmetropization in infant rhesus monkeys.

Dual-focus lenses that impose simultaneous competing myopic defocus over the entire visual field produce axial hyperopic shifts in refractive error. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of eccentricity on the ability of myopic defocus signals to influence central refractive development in infant monkeys. From 24 to 152 days of age, rhesus monkeys were reared with binocular, dual-focus lenses that had central, zero-powered zones surrounded by alternating concentric annular power zones of +3D and zero power.

Effects of low intensity ambient lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Studies in chickens suggest low intensity ambient lighting causes myopia. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of low intensity ambient lighting (dim light) on normal refractive development in macaque monkeys. Seven infant rhesus monkeys were reared under dim light (room illumination level: ~55 lx) from 24 to ~310 days of age with otherwise unrestricted vision.

Immunotoxin-Induced Ablation of the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rhesus Monkeys.

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) contain the photopigment melanopsin, and are primarily involved in non-image forming functions, such as the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythm entrainment. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a targeted ipRGC immunotoxin to ultimately examine the role of ipRGCs in macaque monkeys. An immunotoxin for the macaque melanopsin gene (), consisting of a saporin-conjugated antibody directed at the N-terminus, was prepared in solutions of 0.

Narrow-band, long-wavelength lighting promotes hyperopia and retards vision-induced myopia in infant rhesus monkeys.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of narrow band, long-wavelength lighting on normal refractive development and the phenomena of lens compensation and form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in infant rhesus monkeys. Starting at 24 and continuing until 151 days of age, 27 infant rhesus monkeys were reared under long-wavelength LED lighting (630 nm; illuminance = 274 ± 64 lux) with unrestricted vision (Red Light (RL) controls, n = 7) or a +3 D (+3D-RL, n = 7), -3 D (-3D-RL, n = 6) or diffuser lens (From Deprivation (FD-RL), n = 7) in front of one eye and a plano lens in front of the fellow eye. Refractive development, corneal power, and vitreous chamber depth were measured by retinoscopy, keratometry, and ultrasonography, respectively.

Adenosine receptor distribution in Rhesus monkey ocular tissue.

Adenosine receptor (ADOR) antagonists, such as 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), have been shown to slow myopia progression in humans and animal models. Adenosine receptors are found throughout the body, and regulate the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate. However, the role of adenosine in eye growth is unclear.

The Adenosine Receptor Antagonist, 7-Methylxanthine, Alters Emmetropizing Responses in Infant Macaques.

Purpose: Previous studies suggest that the adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), retards myopia progression. Our aim was to determine whether 7-MX alters the compensating refractive changes produced by defocus in rhesus monkeys.

Methods: Starting at age 3 weeks, monkeys were reared with -3 diopter (D; n = 10; 7-MX -3D/pl) or +3D (n = 6; 7-MX +3D/pl) spectacles over their treated eyes and zero-powered lenses over their fellow eyes.

Observations on the relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus.

We investigated the potential causal relationships between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus, specifically to determine whether either amblyopia or strabismus interfered with emmetropization. We analyzed data from non-human primates that were relevant to the co-existence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus in children. We relied on interocular comparisons of spatial vision and refractive development in animals reared with 1) monocular form deprivation; 2) anisometropia optically imposed by either contact lenses or spectacle lenses; 3) organic amblyopia produced by laser ablation of the fovea; and 4) strabismus that was either optically imposed with prisms or produced by either surgical or pharmacological manipulation of the extraocular muscles.

The Effects of the Relative Strength of Simultaneous Competing Defocus Signals on Emmetropization in Infant Rhesus Monkeys.

Purpose: We investigated how the relative surface area devoted to the more positive-powered component in dual-focus lenses influences emmetropization in rhesus monkeys.

Methods: From 3 to 21 weeks of age, macaques were reared with binocular dual-focus spectacles. The treatment lenses had central 2-mm zones of zero-power and concentric annular zones that had alternating powers of either +3.

Effects of Long-Wavelength Lighting on Refractive Development in Infant Rhesus Monkeys.

Purpose: Differences in the spectral composition of lighting between indoor and outdoor scenes may contribute to the higher prevalence of myopia in children who spend low amounts of time outdoors. Our goal was to determine whether environments dominated by long-wavelength light promote the development of myopia.

Methods: Beginning at 25 ± 2 days of age, infant monkeys were reared with long-wavelength-pass (red) filters in front of one (MRL, n = 6) or both eyes (BRL, n = 7).

The effects of simultaneous dual focus lenses on refractive development in infant monkeys.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of two simultaneously imposed, competing focal planes on refractive development in monkeys.

Methods: Starting at 3 weeks of age and continuing until 150 ± 4 days of age, rhesus monkeys were reared with binocular dual-focus spectacle lenses. The treatment lenses had central 2-mm zones of zero power and concentric annular zones with alternating powers of +3.

Effects of local myopic defocus on refractive development in monkeys.

Purpose: Visual signals that produce myopia are mediated by local, regionally selective mechanisms. However, little is known about spatial integration for signals that slow eye growth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of myopic defocus are integrated in a local manner in primates.

Negative lens-induced myopia in infant monkeys: effects of high ambient lighting.

Purpose: To determine whether high light levels, which have a protective effect against form-deprivation myopia, also retard the development of lens-induced myopia in primates.

Methods: Hyperopic defocus was imposed on 27 monkeys by securing -3 diopter (D) lenses in front of one eye. The lens-rearing procedures were initiated at 24 days of age and continued for periods ranging from 50 to 123 days.

Muscarinic antagonist control of myopia: evidence for M4 and M1 receptor-based pathways in the inhibition of experimentally-induced axial myopia in the tree shrew.

Purpose: The broadband muscarinic antagonist atropine is effective in stopping the progression of myopia in animals and humans. The partially selective M(1)/M(4) antagonist pirenzepine also slows progression of myopia, although not as effectively as atropine. Due to the supra maximal doses utilized in these studies, it is unclear if this antimyopia effect occurs through a receptoral-based mechanism, and if so, which receptors are involved.

The effect of daily transient +4 D positive lens wear on the inhibition of myopia in the tree shrew.

Purpose: Negative-lens-induced defocus causes accelerated ocular elongation and myopia, whereas positive-lens-induced defocus produces reduced ocular elongation and hyperopia. Short durations of positive lens wear result in markedly stronger temporal effects than do short periods of negative lens wear in the chick model of refractive development. In mammalian and nonhuman primate models, there have been equivocal results in inhibiting myopia by short periods of positive lens wear when compared with data from the chick model.