Evaluating the Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Various Outcomes in Emergency Department Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Pain is a prevalent complaint in emergency departments (EDs) worldwide. Traditional pharmacological methods for pain relief, such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have notable side effects and risks. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological alternative that has shown promise in various clinical settings.