Clinical Study to Determine the Efficacy of Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section.

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine is associated with hypotension and inadequate postoperative analgesia. The addition of clonidine as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine is beneficial in reducing the dose of the local anesthetic and also provides prolonged postoperative analgesia.

Methodology: One hundred and five American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Classes 1 and 2 parturient women undergoing elective cesarean section were randomly divided into three groups.

Quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and total protein in saliva of diabetic smokers and nonsmokers: A novel study.

Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the difference in sodium, potassium, total protein in whole saliva in diabetic smokers, diabetic nonsmokers and healthy controls.

Materials And Methods: Nonstimulated saliva samples were collected from a group of diabetic smokers, diabetic nonsmokers, and controls. Supernatant after centrifugation was used to determine the levels of sodium, potassium, and total protein by using semiautomatic analyzer.