Physical and Pharmacological Restraints in Hospital Care: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

Background: Physical and pharmacological restraints, defined as all measures limiting a person in his or her freedom, are extensively used to handle unsafe or problematic behavior in hospital care. There are increasing concerns as to the extent with which these restraints are being used in hospitals, and whether their benefits outweigh their potential harm. There is currently no comprehensive literature overview on the beneficial and/or adverse effects of the use of physical and pharmacological restraints in the hospital setting.

A within-subjects comparison of learning and memory performance before and after cardiac catheterization.

Objective: To investigate the influence of stress on the recall of neutral information in a clinical setting, a prospective study was performed on patients who were admitted to the hospital for cardiac catheterization.

Methods: During their hospital stay, 39 cardiac patients were tested for verbal recall and face recognition before cardiac catheterization (day 1) and 24 h after (day 2). Plasma cortisol levels were also determined.