The tibiofibular mortise - anatomical controversies and their clinical importance: a historical and pictorial essay.

Introduction: During 280 years of studies of the anatomy of the distal tibiofibular articulation, there have arisen many unclear issues regarding the description of individual structures and their terminology. These historical inaccuracies were subsequently reflected in the clinical practice.

Materials And Methods: A literature search of original publications and historical sources was performed.

Pathoanatomy and pathomechanics of pertrochanteric fractures - an MRI study.

Background And Study Aims: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for more than 20 years in the region of the proximal femur to diagnose occult, or incomplete, fractures of the femoral neck and the trochanteric segment. MRI has also potential to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy of trochanteric fractures.

Methods: The group including 13 patients was examined by MRI for a suspected, or incomplete, fracture of the trochanteric segment within 24 hours post-injury.

Anatomy of the Achilles tendon-A pictorial review.

The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon of the human body. The knowledge of AT anatomy is a basic prerequisite for the successful treatment of acute and chronic lesions. The structure of the AT results from a complicated fusion of three parts: the tendons of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles.

The true history of the Hueter-Volkmann law.

Introduction: The Hueter-Volkmann law (HVL) of the response of growth plate to compression load is a basic concept in orthopaedics. However, little is known about the origin of HVL and its history.

Materials And Methods: A literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources.

Bosworth ankle fracture-dislocation: current concept review.

Bosworth fracture (BF) is a special type of locked ankle fracture-dislocation, characterized by displacement of a fragment of the fractured fibula from the fibular notch behind the posterior surface of the distal tibia. BF is a complex injury affecting multiple structures of the ankle joint, which is still frequently misjudged even today, potentially leading to severe complications. CT examination, including 3D reconstructions, should be the diagnostic standard in BF, as it provides a complete picture of the fracture pathoanatomy, most prominently the morphology of the frequently associated posterior malleolar fracture.

Terminology of the growing bone: A historical study.

Division of the growing long bone into individual basic parts, that is, diaphysis, metaphysis, physes and epiphyses, has become generally accepted and used. However, the origin of these terms is almost unknown. Therefore, we have analyzed the literature in order to identify their sources.

Early history of the study of bone growth (1722-1875).

Introduction: Bone growth is a fascinating process, primarily due to its complexity. Equally engaging is the history of its study, which, however, remains unknown to most anatomists and surgeons.

Materials And Methods: A literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources.

Bosworth ankle dislocation fracture - current concept review.

Bosworth fracture (BF) is a rare, but a severe injury to the ankle, characterized by displacement of a fragment of the fractured fibula (mostly of Weber B type) from the tibiofibular incisure to the posterior surface of the distal tibia. In 70% of cases, it is associated with a fracture of the posterior malleolus. This injury is not quite well known, with only 175 cases described in the literature to date.

Early history of posterior malleolus fractures in ankle fractures.

Introduction: No comprehensive treatise on the early history of fractures of posterior malleolus (PM) has yet been published, and many substantial discoveries have fallen into oblivion-particularly if not having been published in English originally.

Materials And Methods: Literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources.

Results: Early history of PM fractures from their first description up to the beginnings of their operative treatment may be divided into three basic periods, covering the era between 1828 and 1940.

Injury to the posterior malleolus in Maisonneuve fractures.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and a complex pathoanatomy of posterior malleolus fractures in a Maisonneuve fracture.

Methods: The study included 100 prospectively collected patients with a complete clinical and radiological documentation of an ankle fracture or fracture-dislocation including a fracture of the proximal quarter of the fibula.

Results: A posterior malleolus fracture was identified in 74 patients, and in 27% of these cases it carried more than one quarter of the fibular notch.

History of proximal femur fractures in the German literature.

Introduction: German-speaking surgeons have left a deep imprint on the history of diagnostics and treatment of proximal femur fractures. Some of the studies published in German have fell into oblivion, others are cited until today, although sometimes quite inaccurately. The cause of such inaccuracies are citations from secondary sources due to unavailability of the original or inability to read it because of a language barrier.

Long-term results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy for partial avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture in adolescents.

Purpose: The study evaluates long-term results in patients treated by valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy (VITO) for partial avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) after fracture of the femoral neck in adolescent age. Although this method is mentioned in literature frequently, there are only few studies in the literature dealing with it in detail.

Methods: Authors evaluated five patients at the interval of 15 to 20 years following VITO.

Maisonneuve ankle fracture.

Maisonneuve fracture (MF) is defined as an ankle fracture-dislocation associated always with a fracture of the proximal quarter of the fibula and rupture of the anterior and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments. Other injuries are variable. Recent CT studies have demonstrated that MF is a far more complex injury than initially supposed.

Pathoanatomy of pertrochanteric fractures - a postmortem study.

Background: Recent pathoanatomic studies based on 3D CT reconstructions have questioned validity of AO/OTA classification because it does not reflect the reality and requires revision. These 3D CT studies, however, do not allow analysis of all details. Therefore, we have exploited the possibility to analyze the pathoanatomy of pertrochanteric fractures on postmortem specimens.

Internal architecture of the proximal femur: calcar femorale or Adams' arch?

Purpose: The calcar femorale (femoral calcar) is used in the English literature to designate the thickened medial cortex of the femoral neck. This term is, however, incorrect, as the calcar femorale is actually quite another structure.

Methods: Searching was performed in original and historic publication.

Lateral malleolar crest and its clinical importance.

Purpose: During study of anatomy of a fractured posterior malleolus of the ankle on CT scans, the authors noticed a prominent crest on the lateral malleolus, which they termed the lateral malleolar crest (LMC). As, in their view, LMC is a clinically important structure which was only briefly mentioned by a few authors without an official term, they focused on the anatomy of this structure.

Materials And Methods: A total of 352 dry fibulae were analyzed and the following parameters recorded: (F) length of the fibula, (LMC) total length of LMC, (A) length of the part of the examined crest from the superior border of the articular facet of the lateral malleolus (AFLM) to its most proximal intersection with the midline of the fibula, (B) height of the medial triangular rough surface, and (A/F) A/F ratio.

Intercalary fragments in posterior malleolar fractures: incidence, treatment implications, and distribution within CT-based classification systems.

Introduction: Complex ankle fractures frequently include the posterior malleolus (PM). Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment strategies, PM fracture involvement still predisposes to worse outcomes. While not incorporated into the most common PM fracture classifications, the presence of an intercalary fragment (ICF) complicates treatment.

Acromioclavicular dislocation associated with scapular fractures - pathoanatomy of the injury.

Introduction: No detailed study dealing with an injury to the AC joint in combination with scapular fractures has been published to date. The aim of this study is to describe pathoanatomy of these injuries.

Methods: In a series of 519 scapular fractures in adult patients from the period of 20022020 we identified a total of 20 (3.

Circumflex arterial sulcus of the scapula (sulcus arteriae circumflexae scapulae): its anatomy and clinical relevance.

Introduction: The circumflex scapular artery (CSA) has been described in detail in the literature, but the groove, i.e., the circumflex sulcus (CFS), formed by the artery on the lateral pillar of the scapula has been completely neglected.

Maisonneuve Fractures of the Ankle: A Critical Analysis Review.

»: Maisonneuve fractures (MFs), originally described as subcapital (high) fibular fractures with additional injury to the anterior and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments, display a variable injury pattern, ranging from stable to highly unstable fractures.

»: The high incidence of associated fractures of the posterior malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the anterolateral distal tibia (the "anterior malleolus") as well as the variable position of the fibula in the fibular notch (FN) warrant preoperative examination via computed tomography (CT).

»: The main goal of treatment is anatomic reduction of the distal fibula into the FN, which requires prior reduction of displaced posterior malleolar fractures, if present, to restore the integrity of the FN.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Scapular Fractures in Children and Adolescents: A Critical Analysis Review.

»: Fractures of the growing scapula account for about 0.1% of all pediatric fractures, with the majority occurring at an age of ≥10 years.

»: Radiographic diagnosis requires a detailed knowledge of the ossification sequence of the growing scapula.

Pathoanatomy of the Anterolateral Tibial Fragment in Ankle Fractures.

Background: The anterior distal tibial tubercle provides attachment to the anterior tibiofibular syndesmosis. It may be considered a fourth, or anterior, malleolus (AM). Fractures of the AM may extend into the tibial incisura and tibial plafond.

Fractures of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal Bone: A Critical Analysis Review.

»: Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal (PFMT) are one of the most common foot injuries, accounting for 61% to 78% of all foot fractures, but full consensus on their classification, diagnosis, and treatment has not yet been reached.

»: The most commonly accepted classification is that of Lawrence and Botte, who divided the location of PFMT fractures into 3 zones with respect to their healing potential.

»: Avulsion fractures of the tuberosity of the base (zone 1) generally heal well, and nonoperative treatment is commonly recommended.

"Double Maisonneuve fracture": an unknown fracture pattern.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe pathoanatomy and to raise awareness of a fracture of the lateral malleolus combined with a high subcapital fracture of the fibula caused by a dislocation mechanism.

Methods: The study comprised 11 patients, 5 men and 6 women, with the mean age of 57 years (range, 21-87), with a "Double Maisonneuve fracture". Individual lesions of ankle structures were described on the basis of radiographs, CT, and intraoperative findings.

Miller Edwin Preston (1879-1928); pioneer of fracture biomechanics-a biographical vignette.

Miller Edwin Preston (1879-1928) is cited in the literature in connection with the first angled implant for the fixation of fractures of the femoral neck. Further research has shown that this surgeon emphasised the principles of internal fixation and is the author of several extraordinary and still-valid concepts: "There is no branch of surgery in which nature is more exacting than bone work. To be successful in this field, the cases must be carefully selected, the most rigid asepsis should be observed, the surgeon must possess a good working knowledge of anatomy and fully appreciate the laws of stress, strain and leverage.