Empowering self-direction in return to work of employees with low and high levels of education: A qualitative comparative study.

Background: Dutch legislation encourages active participation of employees in their return-to-work (RTW) process. Empowering leadership may support employees' self-direction in this process (i.e.

Comprehensive overview of the quality of plant- And animal-sourced proteins based on the digestible indispensable amino acid score.

Indispensable amino acid (IAA) composition and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of five animal- and 12 plant-based proteins were used to calculate their respective Digestible Indispensable Amino Score (DIAAS) according to the three age categories defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Mean IAA content and mean SID obtained from each protein dataset were subsequently used to simulate optimal nutritional quality of protein mixtures. Datasets revealed considerable variation in DIAAS within the same protein source and among different protein sources.

Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans.

Background: Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics.

Objective: We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans.

Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion.

Purpose: Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) forms a global health concern. It has been suggested that an impaired capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in response to protein intake is a key contributor to sarcopenia. We assessed whether differences in post-absorptive and/or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates exist between large cohorts of healthy young and older men.

Substantial Differences between Organ and Muscle Specific Tracer Incorporation Rates in a Lactating Dairy Cow.

We aimed to produce intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine labeled milk and beef for subsequent use in human nutrition research. The collection of the various organ tissues after slaughter allowed for us to gain insight into the dynamics of tissue protein turnover in vivo in a lactating dairy cow. One lactating dairy cow received a constant infusion of L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine (450 µmol/min) for 96 h.

Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men.

Background: Older individuals generally experience a reduced food-chewing efficiency. As a consequence, food texture may represent an important factor that modulates dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent postprandial protein balance.

Objective: We assessed the effect of meat texture on the dietary protein digestion rate, amino acid availability, and subsequent postprandial protein balance in vivo in older men.

Dietary protein digestion and absorption are impaired during acute postexercise recovery in young men.

Previously, we demonstrated that exercise can cause small intestinal injury, leading to loss of gut barrier function. The functional consequences of such exercise-induced intestinal injury on subsequent food digestion and absorption are unclear. The present study determined the impact of resistance-type exercise on small intestinal integrity and in vivo dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics.

The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men.

We aimed to assess the reliability of the single biopsy approach for calculating muscle protein synthesis rates compared with the well described sequential muscle biopsy approach following a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine and GC-MS analysis in older men. Two separate experimental infusion protocols, with differing stable isotope amino acid incorporation times, were employed consisting of n = 27 (experiment 1) or n = 9 (experiment 2). Specifically, mixed muscle protein FSR were calculated from baseline plasma protein enrichments and muscle protein enrichments obtained at 90 min or 50 min (1BX SHORT), 210 min or 170 min (1BX LONG), and between the muscle protein enrichments obtained at 90 and 210 min or 50 min and 170 min (2BX) of the infusion for experiments 1 and 2, respectively.

Amino acid absorption and subsequent muscle protein accretion following graded intakes of whey protein in elderly men.

Whey protein ingestion has been shown to effectively stimulate postprandial muscle protein accretion in older adults. However, the impact of the amount of whey protein ingested on protein digestion and absorption kinetics, whole body protein balance, and postprandial muscle protein accretion remains to be established. We aimed to fill this gap by including 33 healthy, older men (73 ± 2 yr) who were randomly assigned to ingest 10, 20, or 35 g of intrinsically l-[1-¹³C]phenylalanine-labeled whey protein (n = 11/treatment).

Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery.

Introduction: The role of nutrition in modulating postexercise overnight recovery remains to be elucidated. We assessed the effect of protein ingestion immediately before sleep on digestion and absorption kinetics and protein metabolism during overnight recovery from a single bout of resistance-type exercise.

Methods: Sixteen healthy young males performed a single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (2000 h) after a full day of dietary standardization.

Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men.

Background: Sarcopenia has been attributed to a diminished muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Differences in digestion and absorption kinetics of dietary protein, its amino acid composition, or both have been suggested to modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion.

Objective: The objective was to compare protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial muscle protein accretion after ingestion of whey, casein, and casein hydrolysate in healthy older adults.

Impact of protein coingestion on muscle protein synthesis during continuous endurance type exercise.

This study investigates the impact of protein coingestion with carbohydrate on muscle protein synthesis during endurance type exercise. Twelve healthy male cyclists were studied during 2 h of fasted rest followed by 2 h of continuous cycling at 55% W(max). During exercise, subjects received either 1.

Exercising before protein intake allows for greater use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for de novo muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly men.

Background: Sarcopenia seems to be attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake and exercise. This blunted response could be the result of impaired protein digestion and absorption kinetics and lead to lower postprandial plasma amino acid availability.

Objective: The objective was to compare in vivo dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and after exercise between young and elderly men.

Prevalence of daily hyperglycemia in obese type 2 diabetic men compared with that in lean and obese normoglycemic men: effect of consumption of a sucrose-containing beverage.

Background: Hyperglycemia forms a direct and independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular comorbidities in type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks might further increase the prevalence of hyperglycemic episodes.

Objective: The objective was to assess glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy lean and obese control subjects under strict dietary standardization but otherwise free-living conditions, with and without the consumption of soft drinks.

Expression of growth-related genes in young and older human skeletal muscle following an acute stimulation of protein synthesis.

Muscle growth is associated with an activation of the mTOR signaling pathway and satellite cell regulators. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 17 selected genes associated with mTOR/muscle protein synthesis and the satellite cells/myogenic program are differentially expressed in young and older human skeletal muscle at rest and in response to a potent anabolic stimulus [resistance exercise + essential amino acid ingestion (RE+EAA)]. Twelve male subjects (6 young, 6 old) completed a bout of heavy resistance exercise.

Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging.

Skeletal muscle loss during aging leads to an increased risk of falls, fractures, and eventually loss of independence. Resistance exercise is a useful intervention to prevent sarcopenia; however, the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to resistance exercise is less in elderly compared with young subjects. On the other hand, essential amino acids (EAA) increase MPS equally in both young and old subjects when sufficient EAA is ingested.

Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle.

We recently showed that resistance exercise and ingestion of essential amino acids with carbohydrate (EAA+CHO) can independently stimulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and muscle protein synthesis in humans. Providing an EAA+CHO solution postexercise can further increase muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that enhanced mTOR signaling might be responsible for the greater muscle protein synthesis when leucine-enriched EAA+CHOs are ingested during postexercise recovery.

Protein ingestion further augments S6K1 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle following resistance type exercise in males.

Our objective was to determine the impact of carbohydrate and/or protein ingestion before and after exercise on ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) and S6 phosphorylation status in human skeletal muscle tissue. Seven healthy, untrained men (22.5 +/- 0.

Coingestion of carbohydrate with protein does not further augment postexercise muscle protein synthesis.

The present study was designed to assess the impact of coingestion of various amounts of carbohydrate combined with an ample amount of protein intake on postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates. Ten healthy, fit men (20 +/- 0.3 yr) were randomly assigned to three crossover experiments.