Replication kinetics, pathogenicity and virus-induced cellular responses of cattle-origin influenza A(H5N1) isolates from Texas, United States.

The host range of HPAIV H5N1 was recently expanded to include ruminants, particularly dairy cattle in the United States (US). Shortly after, human H5N1 infection was reported in a dairy worker in Texas following exposure to infected cattle. Herein, we rescued the cattle-origin influenza A/bovine/Texas/24-029328-02/2024(H5N1, rHPbTX) and A/Texas/37/2024(H5N1, rHPhTX) viruses, identified in dairy cattle and human, respectively, and their low pathogenic forms, rLPbTX and rLPhTX, with monobasic HA cleavage sites.

Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission.

Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 of clade 2.3.4.

Assessing immune phenotypes using simple proxy measures: promise and limitations.

The study of immune phenotypes in wild animals is beset by numerous methodological challenges, with assessment of detailed aspects of phenotype difficult to impossible. This constrains the ability of disease ecologists and ecoimmunologists to describe immune variation and evaluate hypotheses explaining said variation. The development of simple approaches that allow characterization of immune variation across many populations and species would be a significant advance.

Anti-rheumatic colchicine phytochemical exhibits potent antiviral activities against avian and seasonal Influenza A viruses (IAVs) via targeting different stages of IAV replication cycle.

Background: The continuous evolution of drug-resistant influenza viruses highlights the necessity for repurposing naturally-derived and safe phytochemicals with anti-influenza activity as novel broad-spectrum anti-influenza medications.

Methods: In this study, nitrogenous alkaloids were tested for their viral inhibitory activity against influenza A/H1N1 and A/H5N1 viruses. The cytotoxicity of tested alkaloids on MDCK showed a high safety range (CC > 200 µg/ml), permitting the screening for their anti-influenza potential.

Harnessing preexisting influenza virus-specific immunity increases antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2.

In pandemic scenarios involving novel human pathogenic viruses, it is highly desirable that vaccines induce strong neutralizing antibodies as quickly as possible. However, current vaccine strategies require multiple immunization doses to produce high titers of neutralizing antibodies and are poorly protective after a single vaccination. We therefore wished to design a vaccine candidate that would induce increased protective immune responses following the first vaccine dose.

Spatiotemporal-social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice.

Environmental influences on immune phenotypes are well-documented, but our understanding of which elements of the environment affect immune systems, and how, remains vague. Behaviors, including socializing with others, are central to an individual's interaction with its environment. We therefore tracked behavior of rewilded laboratory mice of three inbred strains in outdoor enclosures and examined contributions of behavior, including associations measured from spatiotemporal co-occurrences, to immune phenotypes.

Rewilding of laboratory mice enhances granulopoiesis and immunity through intestinal fungal colonization.

The paucity of blood granulocyte populations such as neutrophils in laboratory mice is a notable difference between this model organism and humans, but the cause of this species-specific difference is unclear. We previously demonstrated that laboratory mice released into a seminatural environment, referred to as rewilding, display an increase in blood granulocytes that is associated with expansion of fungi in the gut microbiota. Here, we find that tonic signals from fungal colonization induce sustained granulopoiesis through a mechanism distinct from emergency granulopoiesis, leading to a prolonged expansion of circulating neutrophils that promotes immunity.

Genetic and Environmental interactions contribute to immune variation in rewilded mice.

The relative and synergistic contributions of genetics and environment to inter-individual immune response variation remain unclear, despite its implications for understanding both evolutionary biology and medicine. Here, we quantify interactive effects of genotype and environment on immune traits by investigating three inbred mouse strains rewilded in an outdoor enclosure and infected with the parasite, . Whereas cytokine response heterogeneity was primarily driven by genotype, cellular composition heterogeneity was shaped by interactions between genotype and environment.

Social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice.

Environmental influences on immune phenotypes are well-documented, but our understanding of which elements of the environment affect immune systems, and how, remains vague. Behaviors, including socializing with others, are central to an individual's interaction with its environment. We tracked behavior of rewilded laboratory mice of three inbred strains in outdoor enclosures and examined contributions of behavior, including social associations, to immune phenotypes.

Typhimurium uses the Cpx stress response to detect -chlorotaurine and promote the repair of oxidized proteins.

The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria constitutes the first protective barrier between a cell and its environment. During host infection, the bacterial envelope is subjected to several stresses, including those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) produced by immune cells. Among RCS, chlorotaurine (ChT), which results from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and taurine, is a powerful and less diffusible oxidant.

Symmetric CEST-active lanthanide complexes for redox monitoring.

Two symmetric ligands harbouring two TEMPO radicals and two functionalized acetamide arms (R = OMe (L1), CF (L2)) were prepared and chelated to lanthanide ions (Eu, Yb for both L1 and L2, Dy for L1). Luminescence measurements on the europium complexes support the coordination of a single water molecule. The TEMPO arms are magnetically interacting in L1 (and its complexes) but not in L2.

Lanthanide Complexes (Gd and Eu ) Based on a DOTA-TEMPO Platform for Redox Monitoring via Relaxivity.

Three lanthanide complexes (Ln=Gd, Eu) based on a DO3 A ([Ln(L )]) or DO2 A ([Ln(L )] ) platform appended by a redox active TEMPO-based arm were prepared. Complex [Ln(L )] shows an alkyne arm, offering the possibility of postfunctionalization by click reaction to yield [Ln(L )] . The complexes demonstrate a redox response whereby the hydroxylamine, nitroxide and oxoammonium forms of the arm can be obtained in turn.

HprSR Is a Reactive Chlorine Species-Sensing, Two-Component System in Escherichia coli.

Two-component systems (TCS) are signaling pathways that allow bacterial cells to sense, respond to, and adapt to fluctuating environments. Among the classical TCS of Escherichia coli, HprSR has recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of , which encodes the periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase system. In this study, we demonstrated that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) induces the expression of in an HprSR-dependent manner, whereas HO, NO, and paraquat (a superoxide generator) do not.

Non-respiratory particles emitted by guinea pigs in airborne disease transmission experiments.

Animal models are often used to assess the airborne transmissibility of various pathogens, which are typically assumed to be carried by expiratory droplets emitted directly from the respiratory tract of the infected animal. We recently established that influenza virus is also transmissible via "aerosolized fomites," micron-scale dust particulates released from virus-contaminated surfaces (Asadi et al. in Nat Commun 11(1):4062, 2020).

Lanthanide complexes of DOTA-nitroxide conjugates for redox imaging: spectroelectrochemistry, CEST, relaxivity, and cytotoxicity.

The lanthanide(iii) complexes (Gd, Eu, Dy, and Yb) of DOTA tris(amide) and bis(amide) derivatives (L and L) featuring one redox active TEMPO arm were prepared. Ligand L harbours an alkyne fragment for further functionalization. The X-ray crystal structure of ligand L in complexation with Na was solved.

New Surgical Approach for Mandibular Anterior Root Coverage by Modified Tunnel Technique With Simultaneous Frenuloplasty: Technical Description and 5-Year Recall Case Report.

Introduction: Root coverage of gingival recessions in the anterior mandible has limited predictability. Mandibular incisors often offers a thin phenotype, a lack of keratinized tissue and moreover a shallow vestibule with high labial frenum attachment. These conditions induce tensions on the surgical site in conventional coronally advanced flap (CAF) procedures and may compromise the complete root coverage.

Ghrelin uses the GHS-R1a/Gi/cAMP pathway and induces differentiation only in mature osteoblasts. This ghrelin pathway is impaired in AIS patients.

We have examined the Acylated Ghrelin (AG)/Gi pathway in different human osteoblastic cell lines. We have found that: 1) AG induces differentiation/mineralization only in mature osteoblasts; 2) the expression of GHS-R1a increases up to the mature cell stage, 3) the action is mediated via the GHS-R/Gi/cAMP pathway only in mature osteoblasts, and 4) osteoblastic cells from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are resistant to the AG/Gi/cAMP pathway. Altogether, these results suggested that AG uses the GHS-R1a/Gi/cAMP pathway to induce differentiation in mature osteoblasts only.

Influenza A virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites.

Influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. We provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." In the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin.

Structural and spectroscopic investigations of nine-coordinate redox active lanthanide complexes with a pincer O,N,O ligand.

The lanthanide complexes EuL3, GdL3, YbL3 and LuL3 of the N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-di-3,5-tert-butylphenyl)amine were prepared. The X-Ray crystal structures of GdL3 and LuL3 demonstrated a nine-coordinate sphere with three ligand molecules under their anionic diamagnetic form (Cat-N-BQ)-. The complexes showed three oxidation events (Eox11/2 = 0.

Luminescent pro-nitroxide lanthanide complexes for the detection of reactive oxygen species.

The DOTA-based ligand H3L (5) appended with a pro-nitroxide moiety has been synthesized. The europium and ytterbium complexes 5Ln show metal-centred luminescence. They react with ROS in aqueous media to give a transient iminonitroxide and a stable nitronylnitroxide radical authenticated by EPR, with change in luminescence.

Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France.

Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C) is a member of the genus Pegivirus, family Flaviviridae. Despite its identification more than 20 years ago, both natural history and distribution of this viral group in human hosts remain under exploration. Analysis of HPgV genomes characterized up to now points out the scarcity of French pegivirus sequences in databases.

Evidence for two phylogenetic clusters within hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 inferred from analysis of complete coding sequences of 15 HCV strains.

The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the evolution and classification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by assessing the subtype distribution of 273 genotype 2 strains isolated from French blood donors from 1990 to 2010 and by determining complete coding sequences in subtype 2 strains. These classified into 7 of the established subtypes and into 15 additional lineages not yet assigned to a known subtype. Phylogenetic tree construction showed two well-supported clusters.

SHIP2 regulates epithelial cell polarity through its lipid product, which binds to Dlg1, a pathway subverted by hepatitis C virus core protein.

The main targets of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are hepatocytes, the highly polarized cells of the liver, and all the steps of its life cycle are tightly dependent on host lipid metabolism. The interplay between polarity and lipid metabolism in HCV infection has been poorly investigated. Signaling lipids, such as phosphoinositides (PIs), play a vital role in polarity, which depends on the distribution and expression of PI kinases and PI phosphatases.