Uncorrected refractive errors are important causes of avoidable visual impairment in Hungary: re-evaluation of two existing national data sets.

Aim: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary.

Methods: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studies were analysed. The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness study collected population-based representative national data on the prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle coverage in 3523 people aged ≥50y (Group I).

[Ophthalmological results in the Hungarian comprehensive health care screening program, 2011-2022].

Introduction: The World Health Organisation's VISION 2020 and World report on vision programs prioritize blindness prevention and vision rehabilitation development. The ophthalmology program, which is part of Hungary's comprehensive health care screening program, plays an important role in the national implementation of these.

Objective: Summary of the results of Hungary's comprehensive health care screening program's ophthalmology program, which has been going on for 12 years.

Prevalence of refractive errors in Hungary reveals three-fold increase in myopia.

Aim: To examine the prevalence and composition of refractive errors in Hungary.

Methods: Nationwide cross-sectional data collected between 2014 and 2019 were analysed from the Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary, which provided spectacle dioptric power and autorefractometry data for 68 227 people (35 850 women and 32 377 men). Their age distribution, 18-99y, was similar to the national demographic distributions.

May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Hungary.

Cardiovascular diseases are not only the leading causes of mortality in Hungary but also the mortality rate is twice as high as the European Union average, so screening programmes identifying subjects with elevated blood pressure (BP) are of utmost importance. May Measurement Month (MMM) is an annual global initiative that began in 2017 aimed at raising awareness of high BP. Hungary joined the 3rd campaign of MMM in 2019 and an overview of the results are presented in this paper.

[Therapy and prevention of obesity: nutrition, physical activity and medical treatment].

Összefoglaló. Az elhízás és következményes megbetegedései fontos népegészségügyi problémát jelentenek hazánkban is. Kezelése komoly szakmai kihívás, ugyanakkor prevenciója eredményesebb lehet.

Whose Norms, Whose Prejudice? The Dynamics of Perceived Group Norms and Prejudice in New Secondary School Classes.

Ethnic prejudice can lead to exclusion and hinder social integration. Prejudices are formed throughout socialization, and social norms inform individuals about the acceptability of prejudice against certain outgroups. Adolescence is a crucial period for the development of intergroup attitudes, and young people are especially prone to follow the norms they perceive in their reference groups.

Vasopressin and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition with a wide range of behavioral disturbances and serious consequences for both patient and society. One of the main reasons for unsuccessful therapies is insufficient knowledge about its underlying pathomechanism. In the search for centrally signaling molecules that might be relevant to the development of PTSD we focus here on arginine vasopressin (AVP).

[The prevalence of smoking and gender differences according to the data of the national health screening program in 2010-2018].

The harmful effects represent an important public health problem in tha world. Our aim is to report and compare the results of screenings performed in Hungary's Comprehensive Health Screening Program 2010-2020-2030 (MÁESZ) with international data. During the 9-year continuous screening, we analyzed the data of 71 922 women and 60 934 men in the 18-80-year-old population and examined the occurrence of regular daily smokers.

Evaluation of Meditech ABPM-06 ambulatory blood pressure measuring device, according to the European Society of Hypertension, the British Hypertension Society and the International Organization for Standardization Protocol.

Objective: The devices to be used in clinical practice should be tested for accuracy and should be validated through the validation protocol. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Meditech-ABPM-06 ambulatory blood pressure monitor.

Materials And Methods: The test was carried out in accordance with the protocol established by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH-IP), the British Hypertension Society, and the ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060-2-2013 protocols.

May Measurement Month 2017: an analysis of blood pressure screening in Hungary-Europe.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a growing burden worldwide, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. The cardiovascular mortality rate in Hungary is twice as high as the European Union average. In a recent Hungarian screening programme, among those volunteers who claimed to be healthy, BP was above 140/90 mmHg in 24% and 39% in women and men, while the control rate was 45% and 36% in women and men, respectively.

Using a personalized clinical decision support system for bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine dosing in patients with anxiety disorders based on the pharmacogenomic markers.

Introduction: Although pharmacogenetic tests provide the information on a genotype and the predicted phenotype, these tests themselves do not provide the interpretation of data for a physician. There are currently approximately two dozen pharmacogenomic clinical decision support systems used in psychiatry. Implementation of clinical decision support systems capable of forming recommendations on drug and dose selection according to the results of pharmacogenetic testing is an urgent task.

[Review of the relation between gut microbiome, metabolic disease and hypertension].

Gut flora has personal characteristics for each individual, similar to the fingerprints, consisting of a special mixture of bacterial species living in the intestines, now referred to as the gut microbiome. There is a strong correlation between the loss of microbial diversity and the functional bowel disorders, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as many autoimmune disorders. With genetic testing of stool diversity of the gut microbiome and exact analysis of the species and phylogenetic classification of the gut flora, the changes of diversity can be identified and the overgrowth of some bacteria can be revealed.

Median raphe region stimulation alone generates remote, but not recent fear memory traces.

The median raphe region (MRR) is believed to control the fear circuitry indirectly, by influencing the encoding and retrieval of fear memories by amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Here we show that in addition to this established role, MRR stimulation may alone elicit the emergence of remote but not recent fear memories. We substituted electric shocks with optic stimulation of MRR in C57BL/6N male mice in an optogenetic conditioning paradigm and found that stimulations produced agitation, but not fear, during the conditioning trial.

[Not Available].

Impact of the autologous cells transplantation in complex of treatment of complicated arterial form of thoracic outlet syndrome was estimated. In accordance to the proce' dure proposed 18 patients were operated on, in 16 patients a standard decompressive and reconstructive operative interventions were performed. The proposed procedure application have promoted improvement of the patients' treatment results due to opti' mization of microcirculation and angiogenesis.

[THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS FOR ULCERATIVE-NECROTIC DEFECTS IN CHRONIC ISCHEMIA OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY TISSUES, USING BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS].

The results of treatment of 53 patients, suffering "unreconstructable" affection of the lower extremities (LE) arteries and ulcerative-necrotic defects in their distal parts tissues, were analyzed. In 33 patients (the main group) the allotted mononuclear cells fraction, the bone marrow and the plasm, enhanced by thrombocytes, were applied, using multiple injections along a perimeter and into the bottom of the ulcerative-trophic defect in combination with autotransplantation of the bone marrow aspirate into the ischemized tissues--the shin muscles; in 20 patients (the comparison group)--the autotransplantation of the bone marrow aspirate was accomplished into the ischemized tissues--the shin and the foot muscles. In terms up to 3 mo postoperatively a clinical improvement in the main group was noted in 25 (75.

The effects anandamide signaling in the prelimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala on coping with environmental stimuli in rats.

Rationale: Several lines of recent evidence suggest that endocannabinoids affect behavior by influencing the general patterns of challenge responding.

Objectives: Here, we investigated the brain mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in rats.

Methods: The anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor URB597 was condensed into the tip of stainless steel cannulae, which were chronically implanted slightly above the prelimbic cortex (PRL) or the basolateral amygdala (BLA), two important regions of coping and endocannabinoid action.

Vasopressin deficiency diminishes acute and long-term consequences of maternal deprivation in male rat pups.

Early life events have special importance in the development as postnatal environmental alterations may permanently affect the lifetime vulnerability to diseases. For the interpretation of the long-term consequences it is important to understand the immediate effects. As the role of vasopressin in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation as well as in affective disorders seem to be important we addressed the question whether the congenital lack of vasopressin will modify the stress reactivity of the pups and will influence the later consequences of single 24h maternal deprivation (MD) on both stress-reactivity and stress-related behavioral changes.

Diuretics and bioimpedance-measured fluid spaces in hypertensive patients.

The authors examined the relationship between thiazide-type diuretics and fluid spaces in a cohort of hypertensive patients in a retrospective study of 60 stable hypertensive patients without renal abnormalities who underwent whole-body bioimpedance analysis. Overhydration was greater in the diuretic group, but only to a nonsignificant degree (5.9 vs.

Blunted HPA axis response in lactating, vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats.

Adaptation to stress is a basic phenomenon in mammalian life that is mandatorily associated with the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. An increased resting activity of the HPA axis can be measured during pregnancy and lactation, suggesting that these reproductive states lead to chronic load in females. In this study, we examined the consequences of the congenital lack of vasopressin on the activity of the HPA axis during lactation using vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats.

[Application of autologous aspirates as well as multipotent stromal cells of the bone marrow and adipose tissue in vascular surgery].

Basing on experiments, performed on laboratory animals, and on the literature data, there was proved stimulating influence of transplantation of stromal cells, residing in adipose tissue, in a kind of stromal-adiposal fraction towards angiogenesis and reparative processes in tissues in ischemic conditions. There was elaborated and introduced the tactics of treatment in patients, suffering chronic ischemia of the lower extremities tissues, using combined methods of surgical treatment, including the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) autotransplantation into the ischemized tissues, the rotation ostheotrepanation, reconstructive and endovascular interventions on proximal segment of the extremity. The efficacy and potential of application of the BMA and adipose tissue was proved in the treatment of patients, suffering ischemia of the upper extremities tissues, caused by thromboobliterating affection of peripheral vascular bed.

[Alternative method of surgical treatment for aortic arteritis in non-repairable forms of vessels damage].

The purpose of the work--the choice of optimal treatment tactics of patients at the extremity tissue ischemia due to nonspecific aortoarteritis (NA). In the surgical treatment of patients with NA, particularly with concomitant peripheral lesions, and to a greater degree of terminal arterial bed, significantly limited the possibility of direct revascularization. Conservative treatment and subthoracal sympathectomy are ineffective.

The biochemical complexity of the endocannabinoid system with some remarks on stress and related disorders: a minireview.

Nowadays, the endocannabinoid-regulated processes are in the focus of interest, among others, for the treatment of stress-related disorders. In this minireview, we attempt to give some possible explanations for the conflicting results of the cannabinoidergic regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and related disorders, drawing attention to the complexity of the endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system is a part of an intricate network of lipid pathways and consists of the cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the enzymes catalyzing their formation and degradation.

The vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat: lessons for the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation.

Adaptation to stress is indispensable to life and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is one of the major components of the adaptation. The hypothalamic component consists of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin, with a questionable contribution of the latter. Vasopressin was more important in the regulation of the adrenocorticotropin secretion in the perinatal vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats than in adulthood, where its role depended on the nature of the stressor encountered.

Congenital absence of vasopressin and age-dependent changes in ACTH and corticosterone stress responses in rats.

The hypothalamic components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin. To test the hypothesis that HPA regulation changes with age, we compared ether and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection induced stress reactions in adult and 10-day-old Brattleboro rats, which naturally lack vasopressin owing to mutation of the gene (di/di). The LPS stimulus was used also with V(1b) receptor antagonist pretreatment (SSR149415).