Variation of MCPA, metribuzine, methyltriazine-amine and glyphosate degradation, sorption, mineralization and leaching in different soil horizons.

Pesticide mineralization and sorption were determined in 75 soil samples from 15 individually drilled holes through the vadose zone along a 28km long transect of the Danish outwash plain. Mineralization of the phenoxyacetic acid herbicide MCPA was high both in topsoils and in most subsoils, while metribuzine and methyltriazine-amine was always low. Organic matter and soil pH was shown to be responsible for sorption of MCPA and metribuzine in the topsoils.

Leaching of estrogenic hormones from manure-treated structured soils.

The threat to the aquatic environment posed by root zone leaching of estrogens from manure-treated fields has hitherto been overlooked. The steroid hormones 17beta-estradiol (E2) and its degradation product estrone (E1) are of particular environmental concern as both are abundant in slurryfrom pregnant and cycling pigs and both are potential endocrine disruptors (lowest observable effect level (LOEL) 14 and 3.3 ng/L, respectively).

Reflections on the use of Bayesian belief networks for adaptive management.

A broad range of tools are available for integrated water resource management (IWRM). In the EU research project NeWater, a hypothesis exists that IWRM cannot be realised unless current management regimes undergo a transition toward adaptive management (AM). This includes a structured process of learning, dealing with complexity, uncertainty etc.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and methotrexate in patients with muscle-invasive bladder tumours.

This prospective, randomized study based on two associated trials was designed to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and methotrexate with folinic acid rescue or no chemotherapy prior to local treatment in patients with T2-T4b, NX-3, MO transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In the first trial, local treatment consisted of cystectomy (DAVECA 8901) and in the other trial the treatment was radiotherapy (DAVECA 8902); 153 eligible patients were randomized. The majority of the patients (89%) completed the protocol.

Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study.

Unlabelled: Oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women is thought to be important in the genesis of lower urinary tract symptoms, in particular the 'urge syndrome'. Evidence to support the use of oestrogen therapy in symptomatic postmenopausal women is, however, limited. Oestriol is a weak, naturally occurring oestrogen that may be beneficial to the urogenital tissues without stimulating the endometrium.

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia in an infantile testis with immature teratoma.

A case of intratubular germ cell neoplasia adjacent to an immature teratoma is described in an 8-month-old boy with normally descended testes. The pattern of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in the infantile testis appeared different from that in the adult, but the abnormal germ cells were morphologically and immunohistochemically similar. In the few previous reports, which have investigated infantile testicular tissue for the presence of intratubular germ cell neoplasia adjacent to germ cell tumours, intratubular germ cell neoplasia in conjunction with a yolk sac tumour and mature teratoma have not been found, and cases with immature teratoma have not been reported.

Treatment of advanced bladder cancer category T2 T3 and T4a. A randomized multicenter study of preoperative irradiation and cystectomy versus radical irradiation and early salvage cystectomy for residual tumor. DAVECA protocol 8201. Danish Vesical Cancer Group.

From 1983 to 1986 183 patients with transitiocellular carcinoma of the urinary bladder, category T2-T4a, entered a randomized study. The patients were allocated to receive either preoperative irradiation (40 Gy) followed by cystectomy or radical irradiation (60 Gy) followed by salvage cystectomy in cases of residual tumor. The two randomization groups were comparable in regard to sex, age, T-categories, tumor size, histological grade and concomitant dysplasia.

[Treatment with low-dose vaginal estradiol in post-menopausal women. A double-blind controlled trial].

Twenty-three postmenopausal women with recurrent cystitis were allorted at random to treatment for five months with local oestrogen in the vagina or placebo treatment with the object of assessing the local effect on the vaginal epithelium and on the tendency to recurrent cystitis. The therapeutic group and the placebo group were entirely comparable prior to treatment. In the therapeutic group, the oestrogen index in vaginal scrapings was significantly higher after treatment than in the placebo group (p less than 0.

Histological evaluation of prostatic cancer. (III): Reproducibility of assessment of tumour volume and its possible significance for prognosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the INTER- and INTRA-observer reproducibility of prostatic cancer volume defined as the percentage of chips with carcinoma in transurethrally resected tissue. All histological slides from 80 consecutive cases of prostatic cancer were blindly evaluated on two independent occasions by each of four pathologists. The correlation was expressed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (R).

Histological evaluation of prostatic cancer. (II): Reproducibility of a histological grading system.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility, expressed by kappa coefficients, of the histological grading system of prostatic cancer as proposed by Schroeder, Hop, Blom and Mostofi in 1985. This grading system has five prognostic groups based on combinations of growth pattern, mitoses and nuclear anaplasia. All histological slides from 85 cases of prostatic carcinoma were blindly evaluated on two independent occasions by each of four pathologists.

Reproducibility of histomorphologic diagnoses with special reference to the kappa statistic.

Systems for classification and grading used in pathology should ideally be biologically meaningful and at least be reproducible from one pathologist to another. A statistical method to evaluate reproducibility (non-chance agreement) for several observers using nominal or ordinal categories has been developed and refined over the past few decades--the kappa statistic. A high level of observed agreement among different pathologists can either signify a high level of reproducibility, if agreement by chance is low, or express a low level of reproducibility, if agreement by chance is almost as high as the observed agreement.

Histological evaluation of prostatic cancer. 1. Reproducibility of tumour type.

It has been claimed that the histological type of prostatic carcinoma bears influence on the prognosis of the patient, and that different treatments have to be considered for different types of tumours. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the histological criteria for the ordinary acinic adenocarcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma. From 85 prospective and consecutive cases of prostatic carcinoma all histological slides were examined on two independent occasions by each of 4 pathologists.

The Copenhagen bladder cancer project II.

The aim of this study has been, on the basis of 746 cases of cancer of the bladder from The Copenhagen Bladder Cancer Project, to assess the prognosis in relation to the tumour classification employed. The following five-year survival rates were found: T1, 59.8 percent, T2, 39.

The Copenhagen bladder cancer project I.

A material of 746 consecutive patients with tumours of the bladder from three hospitals in Greater Copenhagen for the period 1968-1974 is presented. This is the result of The Copenhagen Bladder Cancer Project. Some of the aims of the project were to describe the manifestations of bladder cancer by means of a number of examination parameters.

Testicular carcinoma in Denmark 1976-1980. Stage and selected clinical parameters at presentation.

Since Jan. 1, 1976 practically all new cases of germ cell tumours of the testis in Denmark have been included in the Danish Testicular Carcinoma Study (DATECA), permitting detailed registration of data concerning histology and stage at the time of diagnosis. The incidence of carcinoma of the testis in Denmark continues to be high with a crude rate of 8 to 9/100 000 males per year.

Testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark 1976-1980. Pathology of 1058 consecutive cases.

In the first five-year period of the Danish Testicular Carcinoma Study (DATECA) 1058 consecutive testicular germ cell tumours were examined. Of these, 554 were seminomas comprising 515 of typical type, 26 anaplastic and 13 spermatocytic; 497 were non-seminomas comprising 145 pure tumours and 352 mixed tumours of various types. Among the various subtypes of non-seminomas embryonal carcinoma (EC) was recorded in 87 per cent, endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour; EST) in 22 per cent, teratoma (T) in 55 per cent and choriocarcinoma (CC) in 17 per cent.

Ultrasonically-guided liver biopsy.

A method is described of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver metastases under direct guidance by ultrasonic scanning. Comparing the results with this technique and those with liver biopsy by Menghini's method in 18 cases, we found that it was more accurate than the usual blind method.