High-fat diet negatively affects brain markers, cognitive behaviors, and noncognitive behaviors in the rTg4510 tau mouse model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) drastically impacts cognitive and noncognitive behaviors in both humans and animal models. Two hallmark proteins in AD, amyloid-β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, accumulate in regions of the brain critical for learning and memory, including the hippocampus. Poor dietary choices have been shown to exacerbate cognitive deficits seen in AD.

Transfusion with Blood Plasma from Young Mice Affects rTg4510 Transgenic Tau Mice Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain. Tangles are formed when the stabilizing protein, tau, becomes hyperphosphorylated and clumps together. There are limited treatments for AD; therefore, the exploration of new treatments is warranted.

White Button Mushroom ( Supplementation Ameliorates Spatial Memory Deficits and Plaque Formation in an Amyloid Precursor Protein Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. This study was conducted to assess the effects of white button mushroom (WBM) supplementation on spatial memory and plaque formation in mice with mutations in amyloid (Aβ). Mice with amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) mutations and their wildtype (WT) littermates were fed a 10% white button mushroom (WBM) feed ad libitum three times per week, in addition to their normal diet.

Prophylactic zinc supplementation modulates hippocampal ionic zinc and partially remediates neurological recovery following repetitive mild head injury in mice.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition caused by repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that leads to impaired executive functioning, emotional disturbances, and disordered memory, warranting both basic and translational research of potential therapeutic targets. One area of research concerns prophylactic zinc (Zn) supplementation; however, Zn supplementation remains poorly understood. This study explored the effects of Zn supplementation in a mouse model of repetitive mild TBI.

Leptin signaling and apoptotic effects in human prostate cancer cell lines.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) progression is often associated with transactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) by endogenous hormones/growth factors. One such factor affecting growth, proliferation, and apoptostis (pro-/anti-) in various cancers is the adipokine leptin. This research studied leptin-induced signaling and apoptosis in androgen sensitive (LNCaP, PC3/AR) and insensitive (PC3, DU145) PCa cell lines.

Growth hormone affects gene expression and proliferation in human prostate cancer cells.

We previously showed that growth hormone (GH) receptors (GHR) are expressed in the most commonly studied human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and that GHR isoforms undergo differential, cell-type-specific hormonal regulation. We now report that human GH (hGH) can stimulate/modulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and β-oestradiol (E(2) ) receptor (ER(β) ) gene expressions in these cells and interact with IGF-I and E(2) to stimulate androgen-dependent LNCaP cell proliferation. We observed a cell type-dependent, differential regulation of IGF axis gene expression by GH: IGF-I was stimulated in the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells; IGF-II was stimulated in androgen-insensitive (AI) PC3 cells; the IGF-I cognate receptor, IGF-IR, was stimulated in LNCaP cells, but inhibited in PC3 cells; IGF-IIR was stimulated in both LNCaP and PC3 cells.

Peripartum intensive care.

Objective: To determine the prevalence rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) hospitals and further delineate indications and outcomes in a retrospective review at one such hospital.

Study Design: Diagnosis-related group and revenue codes were combined to calculate maternity admissions to the ICU in HCA hospitals. Prospectively logged maternal admissions were retrospectively reviewed for calendar years 2004-2008 at Presbyterian/St.

Regulation of growth hormone receptors in human prostate cancer cell lines.

We previously demonstrated the gene expression of two growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) isoforms in prostate cancer (PCa) patient tissues and human PCa cell lines. In that initial study, we characterized LNCaP cell GH binding characteristics to GHR and its activation of relevant signal transduction pathways. We now show that GH binding to GHR and GHR mRNA expression in the cell lines studied are hormonally regulated.

Growth hormone (GH) receptors in prostate cancer: gene expression in human tissues and cell lines and characterization, GH signaling and androgen receptor regulation in LNCaP cells.

Various hormones and growth factors have been implicated in progression of prostate cancer, but their role and the underlying molecular mechanism(s) involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of human growth hormone (GH) and its receptor (GHR) in human prostate cancer. We first demonstrated mRNA expression of GHR and of its exon 9-truncated isoform (GHR(tr)) in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate adenocarcinoma patient tissues, as well as in LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cell lines.

Shedding of growth hormone-binding protein is inhibited by hydroxamic acid-based protease inhibitors: proposed mechanism of activation of growth hormone-binding protein secretase.

The present study describes events postulated to be involved in the regulated mechanism of proteolytic shedding of growth hormone (GH)-binding protein (GHBP). Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines stably transfected either with the full-length human GH receptor (hGHR) or with the cytoplasmic domain-truncated hGHR (hGHR(tr)), we show that the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), caused a rapid time- and dose-dependent increase in GHBP secretion, which, as expected, was matched by a corresponding decrease in cell-surface GHR. Furthermore, PMA equally enhanced GHBP release from CHO/hGHR(tr) cells, suggesting that the cytoplasmic domain of hGHR is not essential for PMA-induced shedding.

Characterization and regulation of prolactin receptors in MA-10 Leydig cells.

The aim of this study is to further characterize the prolactin receptors (PRL-R) previously reported in the murine Leydig tumor MA-10 cell line, as well as to study their homologous and heterologous regulation. Two forms of PRL-R, a high and a low molecular weight form, were revealed by studies of covalent crosslinking of 125I-human GH to cultured MA-10 cells or cell membranes and immunoprecipitation of the solubilized PRL-R complexes with polyclonal anti PRL-R antibody, followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The long form had a molecular weight of 101 kDa and was predominant when the study was performed in the presence of protease inhibitors.

Characterization of prolactin- and growth hormone-binding proteins in milk and their diversity among species.

The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize the diversity and species distribution of soluble prolactin binding-protein (PRL-BP) and growth hormone-binding protein (PRL-BP) in mammalian milk. We previously divided mammalian serum GH-BP into four main groups and identified a GH-BP with shared lactogenic/somatogenic properties in rabbit, horse, dog, pig and cat (Type III species). Here we describe PRL-BP in milk of Type III species and show it is relatively conserved within the group, having similar characteristics in terms of binding affinity for hGH (0.

Prolactin and MA-10 Leydig cell steroidogenesis: biphasic effects of prolactin and signal transduction.

The present investigation was designed to study the direct role of PRL on testicular Leydig cell steroidogenesis, using the MA-10 murine Leydig tumor cell line as a model system. We have previously reported on the presence of specific PRL binding sites in those cells, and we now demonstrate the functionality of those sites and the biological responses induced by the binding of PRL. When cultured MA-10 cells were exposed for 24 h to increasing concentrations of PRL, washed, and then subjected to a 3-h human CG (hCG) stimulation test, a clear dose-dependent biphasic effect of PRL on the steroidogenic response was observed, even though PRL had no effect on MA-10 cell proliferation: at low PRL concentrations (0.

Ontogenesis of LH and FSH receptors in postnatal rabbit testes: age-dependent differential expression of long and short RNA transcripts.

The ontogeny of testicular LH and FSH receptors was studied in New Zealand rabbits from 20 to 180 days postpartum. The concentrations of free receptors (per mg total proteins) were very low at day 20. They increased steeply at day 30 for the LH receptor and at day 50 for the FSH receptor.

Prolactin and testicular Leydig cell function: characterization of prolactin receptors in the murine MA-10 testicular Leydig cell line.

The direct role of prolactin (PRL) in testicular function is still unclear, mostly because of lack of a suitable in vitro model. To establish the suitability of the MA-10 murine tumor Leydig cell line for the study of PRL receptors (PRLR) and effects on steroidogenesis, we initially characterized PRLR on cultured MA-10 cells. The specific binding (Bs) of [125I]human growth hormone (hGH) depends on time, temperature, and Mg2+ ion and protein concentrations, with absolute specificity for the lactogenic hormones hGH and ovine PRL.

The Hep G2 cell line in the study of growth hormone receptor/binding protein.

This study identifies specific, high affinity GH-receptors (GH-R) in human hepatoma Hep G2 cells. The binding characteristics of GH-R in the Hep G2 cells are similar to those of human liver membranes, such as the high specificity for hGH, the binding affinity (Ka = 1.7 +/- 0.

Influence of Mg2+ on detection of somatogenic and lactogenic components of growth-hormone-binding protein in mammalian sera.

We recently classified the growth-hormone (GH)-binding protein (GH-BP) in a wide range of mammalian [including human (h)] sera and reported the existence of a major lactogenic component in GH-BP of type-III sera (rabbit, horse, dog, pig and cat), based on the capacity of bovine (b) and ovine prolactin (PRL) to displace 125I-labelled human growth hormone (hGH) binding and on direct 125I-bPRL binding studies. In this study, we demonstrate the high degree of Mg2+ dependence of the binding of the classically lactogenic hGH and bPRL, but not that of the somatogenic bGH to various mammalian sera (types I-IV). Serum GH-BP was assayed using a previously described and validated charcoal-separation assay.

Growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) levels in follicular fluid from human preovulatory follicles: correlation with serum GH-BP levels.

Serum GH-binding protein (GH-BP), which is identical with the extracellular domain of the GH-receptor, has important implications for the distribution and physiological activity of GH and may enable evaluation of GH-receptor function. Recent studies suggest that GH plays an important role in the modulation of ovarian function and GH-receptors/BPs are found in the female reproductive system. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of GH-BP in human follicular fluid (FF) and compare the levels of FF GH-BP with those detectable in serum, in 46 women undergoing in vitro fertilization.

Growth hormone (GH)-binding protein regulation by estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins in human: the effect of ovulation induction with menopausal gonadotropins, GH, and gestation.

The recently described serum GH-binding protein (GH-BP) may reflect the GH-receptor level. To assess the serum GH-BP levels under various physiological and supraphysiological levels of sex steroids, we have evaluated its concentration in 26 patients undergoing 34 cycles of ovulation induction with either human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG)/hCG or GH/hMG/hCG. The latter ovulation induction protocol was undertaken in "Clonidine negative" patients in a prospective, randomized, crossed-over manner, between GH/hMG/hCG or hMG/hCG.

Growth hormone- and prolactin-binding proteins in mammalian serum.

The present study was undertaken to characterize the species specificity and diversity of lactogenic and somatogenic binding to serum among mammals and to classify GH-binding protein (GH-BP) in this group of species. Animal sera were characterized on the basis of human (h) GH and bovine (b) PRL binding levels, binding specificity toward GHs and PRLs, binding affinity constant (Ka), and the ability of a monoclonal antirabbit GH receptor antibody (MAb-7) to inhibit the binding to serum. Analyses of the results yielded a classification of the mammalian sera into five types of GH binding, which we elected to call GH-BP.

Modulation of human growth hormone binding to somatogenic and lactogenic receptors by monoclonal antibodies to human growth hormone.

The relationship between the structure of human growth hormone (hGH) and the hormone-receptor interaction was investigated by studying the effects of specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to hGH on the binding of [125I]hGH to rabbit liver and mouse liver microsomes. Receptor binding assays were carried out using a constant dose (1 ng) of [125I]hGH and varying concentrations of MAbs. The assay was carried out in the presence of either excess ovine prolactin for the measurement of somatogenic (SOM) binding sites, or excess bovine growth hormone for the determination of lactogenic (LAC) binding sites.

Effect of human growth hormone (GH)-binding protein in human serum on GH binding to rabbit liver membranes.

The sequence identity of growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) with the extracellular domain of GH receptors raised the possibility that circulating GH-BP might affect the binding of human GH (hGH) to its receptors, and thus, its biological effects. To test this hypothesis, we tested the effects of sera with low GH-BP levels (obtained from prepubertal children, girls with anorexia nervosa [AN], and patients with hepatic cirrhosis), normal control sera, and sera with high GH-BP levels (obtained from obese patients) on hGH binding to its receptors. GH-BP activity in patients' sera was measured by incubation with [125I]hGH and the separation of bound hGH from free hGH with dextran-coated charcoal.

The effect of human growth hormone therapy on GH binding protein in GH-deficient children.

Previous studies have described the close similarity of the GH binding protein to the liver membrane GH receptor. Since GH regulates its own liver receptors, we examined the effects of short- and long-term hGH therapy on GH binding protein in children with GH deficiency. Six GH-deficient children received their first hGH dose ever, and the pharmacodynamics of serum GH was followed for 12 h, along with measurements of GH binding protein activity.

Synergistic effect of growth hormone and gonadotropins in achieving conception in "clonidine-negative" patients with unexplained infertility.

Based on preliminary reports by others and by us of a potentiating effect of growth hormone (GH) on human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-induced ovulation, a study using a randomized, prospective, cross-over protocol between GH + hMG/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hMG/hCG was undertaken. The study included patients with long-standing (2-11 years) unexplained infertility with a negative or reduced GH response to clonidine (up to 150 micrograms of clonidine orally). The first cycle was randomly assigned between GH/hMG/hCG (study cycle) and hMG/hCG alone (control cycle), and after an interval cycle the patient's treatment was crossed over.