Plastic pollution in a rapidly developing nation: A comprehensive assessment of litter and marine debris surrounding coastal Cambodia.

Cambodia is a rapidly developing country in south-east Asia, a region forecast as an outsized source of plastic pollution into the world's oceans. However, to date there has been no large-scale assessment of plastic pollution in the environment within the country. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of plastic items and hotspots across 243 coastal, river and inland sites along the entire coastline of Cambodia, recording 46,927 items in transects throughout the study area.

Optimization of inoculum production of Stemphylium botryosum for large-scale resistance screening of lentils.

Background: Stemphylium blight incited by Stemphylium botryosum poses a significant threat to lentil crops worldwide, inducing severe defoliation and causing substantial yield losses in susceptible varieties under favorable conditions. While some moderate levels of resistance have been identified within lentil germplasm, a low number of resistant cultivars are available to farmers. Adding to the common constraints of resistance breeding, a notable challenge is generating a sufficient number of spores for large-scale screenings, which are essential for pinpointing additional sources of resistance for integration into breeding programs.

Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Produced by under In Vitro Conditions and Their Phytotoxicity on the Primary Host, , and Related Legume Crops.

Ascochyta blight, caused by , poses a significant threat to faba bean and other legumes worldwide. Necrotic lesions on stems, leaves, and pods characterize the disease. Given the economic impact of this pathogen and the potential involvement of secondary metabolites in symptom development, a study was conducted to investigate the fungus's ability to produce bioactive metabolites that might contribute to its pathogenicity.

Uncovering Phytotoxic Compounds Produced by spp. Involved in Legume Diseases Using an OSMAC-Metabolomics Approach.

Different fungal species belonging to the genus cause anthracnose disease in a range of major crops, resulting in huge economic losses worldwide. Typical symptoms include dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, or fruits. spp.

Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes.

Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases.

Identification and Characterization of Resistance to Rust in Lentil and Its Wild Relatives.

Lentil rust is a major disease worldwide caused by . In this study, we screened a large germplasm collection of cultivated lentils ( ssp. ) and its wild relatives, both in adult plants in the field with a local rust isolate during 2 seasons and in seedlings under controlled conditions with four fungal isolates of worldwide origin.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Wide spp. Core Collection.

Peas () are the fourth most cultivated pulses worldwide and a critical source of protein in animal feed and human food. Developing pea core collections improves our understanding of pea evolution and may ease the exploitation of their genetic diversity in breeding programs. We carefully selected a highly diverse pea core collection of 325 accessions and established their genetic diversity and population structure.

Identification and Characterization of Novel Sources of Resistance to Rust Caused by in spp.

Pea rust is a major disease worldwide caused by in temperate climates. Only moderate levels of partial resistance against have been identified so far in pea, urging for enlarging the levels of resistance available for breeding. Herein, we describe the responses to of 320 spp.

Anthraquinones and their analogues as potential biocontrol agents of rust and powdery mildew diseases of field crops.

Background: Rusts and powdery mildews are severe fungal diseases of major crops worldwide, including cereals and legumes. They can be managed by chemical fungicide treatments, with negative consequences as environmental pollution and risk for human and animal health. Bioactive natural products could be the safest alternative for pest control.

Antibiotic Treatment Administered to Pigs and Antibiotic Resistance of Isolated from Their Feces and Carcasses.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a frequent and widespread phenomenon. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reports that multidrug resistant (MDR) is considered an important hazard to public health. The lack of data on the correlation between the administration of antibiotics to pigs and the diffusion of MDR necessitates an in-depth study.

Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Retail Meat Products: Evaluation of Biofilm Formation Ability, Antibiotic Resistance, and Phylogenetic Group Analysis.

Abstract: Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous organism capable of forming a biofilm. This is an important virulence factor and is critical in certain diseases and in the development of antibiotic resistance, which is increased by biofilm synthesis. In the present study, the potential health risk associated with handling and consumption of foods of animal origin contaminated with E.

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) in a high-density integrated DArTseq SNP-based genetic map of pea.

Pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) is a damaging insect pest affecting pea (Pisum sativum) production worldwide. No resistant cultivars are available, although some levels of incomplete resistance have been identified in Pisum germplasm. To decipher the genetic control underlying the resistance previously identify in P.

Antibacterial activity of metal complexes based on cinnamaldehyde thiosemicarbazone analogues.

The development of microbial antibiotic resistance has become one of the biggest threats to global health and the search for new molecules active against resistant pathogenic strains is a challenge that must be tackled. In many cases nosocomial infections are caused by bacteria characterized by multi-drug resistance patterns and by their ability to produce biofilms. These properties lead to the persistence of pathogens in the hospital environment.

Identification of potential candidate genes controlling pea aphid tolerance in a Pisum fulvum high-density integrated DArTseq SNP-based genetic map.

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum) is one of the most important temperate grain legumes in the world, and its production is severely constrained by the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Wild relatives, such as P. fulvum, are valuable sources of allelic diversity to improve the genetic resistance of cultivated pea species against A.

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Profile of Bacterial Pathogens in Former Foodstuff Meat Products Used for Pet Diets.

European legislation stipulates that food no longer intended for human consumption, due to commercial reasons, manufacturing problems, or some defect, can be used in pet feed. However, the presence of former foodstuffs in pet diets could constitute a public health issue because pets can act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes. In this study, for the first time, biological hazards due to the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in former foodstuff meat products were evaluated.

Impact of fungal and plant metabolites application on early development stages of pea powdery mildew.

Background: Pea powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe pisi represents a major constraint for pea crops worldwide. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control, although recently a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides application has emerged. Thus, 12 bioactive plant and fungal metabolites belonging to different class of natural compounds were evaluated, together with a commercial fungicide, at different concentrations on detached pea leaves for their potential to inhibit spore germination and subsequent stages of fungal growth.

ESβL E. coli isolated in pig's chain: Genetic analysis associated to the phenotype and biofilm synthesis evaluation.

Resistance to new generation cephalosporins is an important public health problem globally, in terms of economic and social costs, morbidity and mortality. Βeta-lactamase enzymes are mainly responsible for the antibiotic resistance of Gram negative bacteria and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESβLs) are one of the major determinants of resistance against oxymino-cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae. Food-producing animals represent one of the sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria, including pigs.

A High-Density Integrated DArTseq SNP-Based Genetic Map of and Identification of QTLs Controlling Rust Resistance.

, a wild relative of pea is an important source of allelic diversity to improve the genetic resistance of cultivated species against fungal diseases of economic importance like the pea rust caused by . To unravel the genetic control underlying resistance to this fungal disease, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was generated from a cross between two accessions, IFPI3260 and IFPI3251, and genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology. A total of 9,569 high-quality DArT-Seq and 8,514 SNPs markers were generated.

Toxoplasma gondii in the Cornigliese sheep breed in Italy: Meat juice serology, in vitro isolation and genotyping.

Toxoplasma gondii is considered one of the most important food-borne parasitic zoonoses globally and sheep are important intermediate hosts of the parasite. Meat and milk from infected sheep are considered an important source of infection for humans. Here, the authors evaluated T.

and Pre-treatment Protocols for Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Milk Samples: A Field Trial in Sheep from Southern Italy.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Ingestion of raw milk has been suggested as a risk for transmission to humans. Here the authors evaluated pre-treatment protocols for DNA extraction on tachyzoite-spiked sheep milk with the aim of identifying the method that resulted in the most rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity. This protocol was then used to analyse milk samples from sheep of three different farms in Southern Italy, including real time PCR for DNA quantification and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for genotyping.

Meat Juice Serology for Infection in Chickens.

is an important foodborne zoonosis. Free-range chickens are at particularly high risk of infection and are also excellent indicators of soil contamination by oocysts. In the present study, hearts of 77 free-range chickens were collected at slaughter.

Inhibition of early development stages of rust fungi by the two fungal metabolites cyclopaldic acid and epi-epoformin.

Background: Rusts are a noxious group of plant diseases affecting major economically important crops. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control. There is a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for control.

Inhibition of Spore Germination and Appressorium Formation of Rust Species by Plant and Fungal Metabolites.

Eight fungal and plant metabolites belonging to different classes of naturally occurring compounds, a 24-oxa[14]-cytochalasan as cytochalasin B (1), a trisubstituted isocoumarin as 6-hydroxymellein (2), a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene as sphaeropsidin A (3), a chalcone as cavoxin (4), a pentasubstituted benzofuranone as cyclopaldic acid (5), a bicyclic-sesquiterpene as inuloxin A (6), a epipolythiopiperazine as gliotoxin (7) and a cyclohexene epoxide as epiepoformin (8), were tested for their effectiveness in reducing early stages of development of several major rust fungi from the genera Puccinia and Uromyces. Spore germination and appressoria formation were assessed on pre-treated detached leaves, under controlled conditions. Among the various metabolites evaluated, compounds 5 and 8 were the most effective in inhibiting fungal germination and penetration of all rust species studied at values comparable with those obtained by fungicide application, while compound 4 was phytotoxic to plant leaves at any concentration tested.