Unexpected Differences in the Speed of Non-Malignant versus Malignant Cell Migration Reveal Differential Basal Intracellular ATP Levels.

Cellular locomotion is required for survival, fertility, proper embryonic development, regeneration, and wound healing. Cell migration is a major component of metastasis, which accounts for two-thirds of all solid tumor deaths. While many studies have demonstrated increased energy requirements, metabolic rates, and migration of cancer cells compared with normal cells, few have systematically compared normal and cancer cell migration as well as energy requirements side by side.

Saccharide analog, 2-deoxy-d-glucose enhances 4-1BB-mediated antitumor immunity via PD-L1 deglycosylation.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks a well-defined molecular target and is associated with poorer outcomes compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy shows a 10% to 20% response rate in TNBC patients. Our previous studies show that PD-L1 proteins are heavily glycosylated in TNBC, and the glycosylation plays an important role in the PD-L1 protein's stability and immunosuppressive function.