Being parents of extremely preterm children, from a long-term perspective: A qualitative study of parents' experiences.

Background: In recent decades, modern neonatal intensive care has improved, increasing the survival of extremely preterm children. Few studies have examined the experiences of parents of extremely preterm children from a long-term perspective.

Aim: To describe parents' experiences of parenting extremely preterm children during their childhood and transition to adulthood.

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Capacity Are Unaltered in Transitional Breast Milk Exposed to Light from Women Giving Birth to Preterm Infants before 32 Weeks of Gestation.

Breast milk (BM) is the primary nutrition for infants and has a high content of lipids. Preterm infants receive expressed BM via tube feeding, and they are frequently treated with phototherapy. When parenteral nutrition (PN) is exposed to light and/or phototherapy, lipid peroxidation (LPO) increases.

To Feel Abandoned in an Insecure Situation: Parents' Experiences of Separation From Their Newborn Due to the Mother Being COVID-19 Positive.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in neonatal care, sometimes resulting in a separation between parents and their newborn. Knowledge about parents' experiences of this separation is limited.

Purpose: To explore parents' experiences of separation from their newborn due to COVID-19.

Early Hyperglycemia in Very Preterm Infants Is Associated with Reduced White Matter Volume and Worse Cognitive and Motor Outcomes at 2.5 Years.

Introduction: Hyperglycemia in very preterm infants is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate potential associations between early hyperglycemia, neonatal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurodevelopment at 2.5 years.

Amino acid infusions in umbilical artery catheters enhance protein administration in infants born at extremely low gestational age.

Aim: It is challenging to provide extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) with adequate protein supply. This study aimed to investigate whether amino acid (AA) infusion in the umbilical artery catheter (UAC) in ELGANs is safe and enhances protein supply and growth.

Method: A before and after study including infants born <27 weeks, treated in Uppsala, Sweden, during 2004-2007, compared those receiving normal saline/10% dextrose in water with those receiving AA infusion in the UAC.

The Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis following the Administration of Hyperosmolar Enteral Medications to Extremely Preterm Infants.

Introduction: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease predominantly affecting preterm infants. The administration of hyperosmolar solutions could lead to the development of NEC. The objective of this study was to measure the osmolality of enteral medications used in clinical practice and to assess the risk of NEC following exposure to hyperosmolar medications.

"Paying it Forward" - Swedish Women's Experiences of Donating Human Milk.

Background: Human milk is recommended as the only nutritional source during the first 6 months of life. For preterm infants, the benefits of human milk are even more important and can alleviate the negative influences of preterm birth.

Research Aim: To describe how Swedish human milk donors experienced the donation process.

Maternal rates of lipolysis and glucose production in late pregnancy are independently related to foetal weight.

Objective: Associations between maternal glucose levels and increased foetal growth are well established, and independent relationships with maternal weight, weight gain and insulin resistance are also observed. The relative roles of lipolysis and glucose production in the determination of these observations remain unclear.

Design: We examined, through detailed physiological studies, the relationship between maternal late gestational energy substrate production (glucose and glycerol), maternal weight and weight gain, and estimated foetal size in the third trimester.

Obesity rates in two generations of Swedish women entering pregnancy, and associated obesity risk among adult daughters.

We examined changes in obesity rates in two generations of Swedish women entering pregnancy, and assessed the effects of maternal body mass index (BMI) on the risk of overweight or obesity among adult daughters. This study covered an intergenerational retrospective cohort of 26,561 Swedish mothers and their 26,561 first-born daughters. There was a 4-fold increase in obesity rates, which rose from 3.

Adipokines and their relation to maternal energy substrate production, insulin resistance and fetal size.

Objective: The role of adipokines in the regulation of energy substrate production in non-diabetic pregnant women has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that serum concentrations of adiponectin are related to fetal growth via maternal fat mass, insulin resistance and glucose production, and further, that serum levels of leptin are associated with lipolysis and that this also influences fetal growth. Hence, we investigated the relationship between adipokines, energy substrate production, insulin resistance, body composition and fetal weight in non-diabetic pregnant women in late gestation.

Insulin resistance, a link between maternal overweight and fetal macrosomia in nondiabetic pregnancies.

Background/aims: During the last decades the number of large for gestational age infants delivered by nondiabetic mothers has increased. Our aim was to investigate to what extent fetal growth in nondiabetic pregnant women can be explained by rates of maternal energy substrate production and resting energy expenditure.

Methods: Twenty nonsmoking pregnant women without impaired glucose tolerance and with a wide range of fetal weights (0.

Perinatal energy metabolism with reference to IUGR & SGA: studies in pregnant women & newborn infants.

Glucose is the most important fetal energy substrate. During the third trimester increased maternal glucose production and insulin resistance improves fetal glucose availability. Maternal malnutrition, chronic disease and/or placental dysfunction can disturb glucose delivery, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and an infant born small for gestational age (SGA).

Pregnancy insulin, glucose, and BMI contribute to birth outcomes in nondiabetic mothers.

Objective: We investigated the effects of normal variations in maternal glycemia on birth size and other birth outcomes.

Research Design And Methods: Women in two unselected birth cohorts, one retrospective (n = 3,158) and one prospective (n = 668), underwent an oral glucose challenge at 28 weeks of gestation. In the retrospective study, glycemia was linked to routine birth records.

Insulin and carbohydrate metabolism.

Fetal glucose exposure and consequent fetal insulin secretion is normally tightly regulated by glucose delivery from the mother during pregnancy. Maternal hyperglycaemia and gestational diabetes (GDM) are known to be detrimental to offspring, although defining the criteria for diagnosis of GDM is controversial. Recent data suggest that the risk of poor fetal outcome appears to be a continuous variable across the range of glucose control, and that the level of maternal blood glucose for a diagnosis of gestational diabetes needs to be reviewed.

Lipolysis and insulin sensitivity at birth in infants who are large for gestational age.

Objective: In addition to neonatal hypoglycemia, infants who are born large for gestational age are at risk for developing obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate glucose production, lipolysis, and insulin sensitivity in infants who were born large for gestational age to mothers without diabetes. The effect of glucagon administration on production of energy substrates was also investigated.

Energy substrate production in infants born small for gestational age.

Aim: To investigate energy substrate production and its hormonal regulation in infants born small for gestational age.

Methods: Eleven infants, aged 24.4 +/- 5.

Increased lipolysis in non-obese pregnant women studied in the third trimester.

Background: During pregnancy, metabolic adaptation takes place in the mother to provide for the supply of substrates to the growing fetus.

Objective: To determine rates and endocrine regulation of lipolysis and glucose production (GPR) in late pregnancy.

Design: Energy substrate production was measured in healthy pregnant women by use of stable isotope-labelled compounds.