Effects of cyanobacterial metabolites: Aeruginosin 98A, microginin-FR1, anabaenopeptin-A, cylindrospermopsin in binary and quadruple mixtures on the survival and oxidative stress biomarkers of Daphnia magna.

The aim of our study was to determine the effects of aeruginosin 98 A (ARE-A), microginin-FR1 (MG-FR1), anabaenopeptin-A (ANA-A) cylindrospermopsin (CYL) and their binary and quadruple mixtures on the survival and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in Daphnia magna: total glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The biochemical indicators were measured with ELISA kits and the interactive effects were determined by isobole and polygonal analysis with Compusyn® computer software. The study revealed that oligopeptides did not decrease daphnid survival, only CYL inhibited this parameter, with synergistic effects when it was used as a component.

Three-dimensional High-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Children With Non-retentive Fecal Incontinence.

Background/aims: Three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HRAM) is a precise tool to assess the function of the anorectum. Our aim is to evaluate children diagnosed with non-retentive fecal incontinence (NRFI) using 3D-HRAM.

Methods: In all children diagnosed with NRFI, manometric parameters and 3-dimensional reconstructions of the anal canal subdivided into 8 segments were recorded.

Comparison of Anorectal Function as Measured with High-Resolution and High-Definition Anorectal Manometry.

Introduction: Anorectal manometry (ARM) provides comprehensive assessment of pressure activity in the rectum and anal canal. Absolute pressure values might depend on the catheter used.

Objective: Our aim was to compare the results obtained by different anorectal catheters in children with functional anorectal disorders.