Toxicological analysis of ceramic building materials - Tiles and glasses - Obtained from post-treated bottom ashes.

In Italy, the production of bottom ash from waste incineration was estimated as 1.6 million tons/year, corresponding to 30% of the total input waste. The bottom ash is mainly formed by SiO, AlO, CaO, NaO and low amount of heavy metals, therefore it cannot be considered a 'non-hazardous' waste.