Long-term response in advanced bladder cancer involving the use of temsirolimus and vinflunine after platin resistance.

Relapse after initial first-line chemotherapy shows a poor prognosis in metastatic urothelial cancer. Currently, several chemotherapeutic agents and targeted drugs are under evaluation for platin-resistant advanced urothelial carcinoma. Vinflunine has been approved for second-line treatment in this indication.

Brainstem and cerebellar fMRI-activation during horizontal and vertical optokinetic stimulation.

Animal studies have shown that not only cortical, but also brainstem and cerebellar areas are involved in the initiation and generation of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), e.g., cortico-(pretecto)pontine-olivo-cerebellar pathways.

Direction-dependent visual cortex activation during horizontal optokinetic stimulation (fMRI study).

Looking at a moving pattern induces optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and activates an assembly of cortical areas in the visual cortex, including lateral occipitotemporal (motion-sensitive area MT/V5) and adjacent occipitoparietal areas as well as ocular motor areas such as the prefrontal cortex, frontal, supplementary, and parietal eye fields. The aim of this functional MRI (fMRI) study was to investigate (1) whether stimulus direction-dependent effects can be found, especially in the cortical eye fields, and (2) whether there is a hemispheric dominance of ocular motor areas. In a group of 15 healthy subjects, OKN in rightward and leftward directions was visually elicited and statistically compared with the control condition (stationary target) and with each other.