Interpregnancy weight change: associations with severe maternal morbidity and neonatal outcomes.

Background: Prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain have been linked with severe maternal morbidity, suggesting that weight change between pregnancies may also play a role, as it does for neonatal outcomes.

Objective: This study assessed the association of changes in prepregnancy body mass index between 2 consecutive singleton pregnancies with the outcomes of severe maternal morbidity, stillbirth, and small- and large-for-gestational-age infants in the subsequent pregnancy.

Study Design: This observational study was based on birth records from 1,111,032 consecutive pregnancies linked to hospital discharge records in California (2007-2017).

Maternal Prepregnancy Weight and Children's Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes.

Introduction: This study investigated associations between maternal prepregnancy BMI and child behaviors at ages 9-11 years and examine interaction by race and gender.

Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Children and Young Adults surveys are U.S.

Maternal Childhood Adversity, Prepregnancy Obesity, and Gestational Weight Gain.

Introduction: Growing evidence suggests that exposure to childhood adversity may influence obesity across the life course. High maternal weight complicates pregnancy and increases the risk of child obesity. This study examined the association between maternal childhood adversity and pregnancy-related weight in a large U.

Reducing infectivity of HIV upon exposure to surfaces coated with N,N-dodecyl, methyl-polyethylenimine.

The infectivity of high-titer, cell-free HIV in culture media and human milk is rapidly reduced upon exposure to polyethylene slides painted with the linear hydrophobic polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine (DMPEI). Accompanying viral p24 protein and free viral RNA analysis of solutions exposed to DMPEI-coated surfaces suggests that virion attachment to the polycationic surface and its subsequent inactivation are the likely mechanism of this phenomenon.

A nipple shield delivery system for oral drug delivery to breastfeeding infants: microbicide delivery to inactivate HIV.

A new drug delivery method for infants is presented which incorporates an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-loaded insert into a nipple shield delivery system (NSDS). The API is released directly into milk during breastfeeding. This study investigates the feasibility of using the NSDS to deliver the microbicide sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with the goal of preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV during breastfeeding in low-resource settings, when there is no safer alternative for the infant but to breastfeed.

Trimester of maternal gestational weight gain and offspring body weight at birth and age five.

To investigate associations of trimester-specific GWG with fetal birth size and BMI at age 5 years. We examined 3,015 singleton births to women without pregnancy complications from the Child Health and Development Studies prospective cohort with measured weights during pregnancy. We used multivariable regression to examine the associations between total and trimester gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight for gestational age and child BMI outcomes, adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and smoking; paternal overweight, gestational age, and infant sex.

Vitamin content of breast milk from HIV-1-infected mothers before and after flash-heat treatment.

Background: World Health Organization advocates heat treatment of expressed breastmilk (EBM) as one method to reduce postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries. Flash-heat is a simple heat treatment method shown to inactivate cell-free HIV.

Objective: To determine the effect of flash-heat on vitamin content of milk.

Acceptability of heat treating breast milk to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe: a qualitative study.

Although heat treatment of human milk is an official infant-feeding recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers in Zimbabwe, its implementation has not been adequately addressed, because knowledge about the safety of this method is rudimentary and its acceptability is poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the authors conducted focus group discussions among mothers, grandmothers, midwives, and husbands in various regions of Zimbabwe. Although the practice of heat treating expressed human milk was initially met with skepticism because of potential obstacles, including time constraints and social and cultural stigma, a pattern of opinion reversal emerged in all groups.