Unintentional poisoning exposures: how does modeling the opening of child-resistant containers influence children's behaviors?

Objective: Unintentional poisoning in the home is a risk for children. Over-the-counter medicinal products in child-resistant containers (CRC) are common causes of pediatric poisoning. The current study examined children's abilities to open three types of CRC mechanisms (twist, flip, and push) and corresponding control containers, comparing their ability to do so spontaneously and after explicit modeling.

A Pilot Randomized Trial Evaluating the Cool 2 Be Safe Junior Playground Safety Program for Preschool Children.

Objective: Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death to children worldwide, and playgrounds pose a significant risk of injury. Those aged 5 and 6 years are particularly vulnerable to playground injuries. Previous interventions have typically targeted environmental modifications or increased supervision to reduce playground injuries; however, minimal research has focused on implementing behavioral interventions that seek to change children's safety knowledge and risk-taking behaviors on the playground.

Returning to sport after injury: the influence of injury appraisals and post-traumatic stress symptoms on adolescent risk-taking intentions post-injury.

Objective: How youth think about injury risk can affect their decisions about whether to engage in behaviors that can lead to injury. Appraisals also influence the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), which occur in approximately 20% of children after a medically treated injury. The current study examined how the injury appraisals of youth are associated with the development of PTSS post-skateboarding injury, and if PTSS or perceived benefits of the sport are also associated with youths' intentions to return to the sport.

Adolescents at the skatepark: identifying design features and youth behaviours that pose risk for falls.

Background: Skateboarding is an increasingly popular leisure activity for youth, yet injuries due to falls are common. This study aimed to identify the features at skateparks and tricks performed by youth that pose an increased risk of falls in skateboarders.

Method: Video recordings were unobtrusively taken at a large skatepark of youth designated as young (11-15 years) or old (16-20 years).

A Feasibility Randomized Trial Evaluating Safe Peds: A Virtual Reality Training Program to Teach Children When to Cross Streets Safely.

Objective: Injury as pedestrians is a leading contributor to childhood deaths. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Safe Peds, a fully immersive virtual reality training program to teach children when to cross street safely, with the focus on a number of foundational skills and practicing these in traffic situations of varying complexity.

Methods: Children 7-10 years old were randomly assigned to a control (N = 31) or intervention (N = 26) group.

Peer and parent influences on youth skateboarding and factors that affect their decision to return to the sport after injury.

Skateboarding is an increasingly popular sport among youth, despite the fact that they are a high-risk group for injuries during this activity. The purpose of this study was twofold: to explore youths' perceptions about the influences that peers and parents have on their skateboarding; and to identify factors that affect their decisions about returning to the sport after injury. Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 youth, 14-17 years of age, who had experienced a medically-treated injury while skateboarding during the past year.

Adolescents' Perspectives on Skateboarding and Injury Risk: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks.

Objective: Skateboarding is an increasingly popular sport among youth, despite the fact that children and adolescents are the age groups most frequently injured when skateboarding. A greater understanding of the psycho-social factors that motivate participation in skateboarding, including why youth return to the sport after serious injury from skateboarding, is needed to inform injury prevention efforts. This study addressed that gap in knowledge.

A longitudinal study of boys' and girls' injury-risk behaviors and parent supervision during infancy.

In most developed nations worldwide, unintentional injury is the leading cause of death for youth 1 through 18 years. Infants are a particularly vulnerable group because motor development enables increased access to hazards, yet they are poorly equipped to assess danger. The current study compared when infants possessed low versus high motor development skills and examined the frequency and type of injury-risk behaviors and parent supervision patterns, as well as modeling how supervision influences injury-risk behaviors across motor development stages and if it does so differentially for boys and girls.

Sex Differences in the Relation Between Supervision and Injury Risk Across Motor Development Stages: Transitioning From Infancy Into Toddlerhood.

Rationale: Addressing a notable gap in research on injuries during infancy, this longitudinal study examined sex differences in the relationship between parents' typical levels of supervision and infants' injuries across motor development stages.

Method: Parents were recruited and completed biweekly phone calls about their infant's motor skills. Once the infant was able to sit up independently, then a home visit was scheduled.

A longitudinal study of parents' expectations about infants' emerging behaviors and their safety strategies to moderate injury risk.

Rationale: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of preventable deaths for children under 19 years of age. Infancy has been identified as a high-risk stage for injury. Throughout infancy, infants acquire increasing motor competencies but have limited capabilities to appraise danger.

The Measurement and Conceptualization of Coping Responses in Pediatric Chronic Pain Populations: A Scoping Review.

Pediatric chronic pain is a prevalent condition that requires significant coping to encourage optimal functioning; however, relevant research is vast, heterogeneous, and difficult to interpret. To date, no attempt has been made to map and summarize the measurement and conceptualization of coping responses in the context of pediatric chronic pain. A scoping review was conducted to map and summarize the participant characteristics, methodologies, theoretical frameworks, and measures used to assess coping responses in youth with chronic pain.

Understanding Infants' In-Home Injuries: Context and Correlates.

Rationale: Infancy is a time of elevated risk of injury. Past research has focused mostly on the type of injuries, leaving many gaps in knowledge about contextual information that could aid in injury prevention planning.

Methods: In this longitudinal study, a participant-event recording method was used in which mothers tracked their infants' home injuries through three motor development stages (sitting up independently, crawling, and walking).

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Superhero Media on Young Children's Risk-Taking Behaviors.

Objective: Unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for American children, are caused by a range of psychosocial factors, including risk behavior. One factor that may impact child risk-taking is modeling of superhuman risk-taking from superhero media, both immediately following superhero exposure and based on lifetime exposure and engagement.

Methods: Fifty-nine 5-year-olds were randomly assigned to view either a 13-min age-appropriate superhero television show or a comparable nonsuperhero show.

Validation of a measure of injury-risk behaviors in the first 2 years of life: Infant/Toddler-Injury Behavior Questionnaire (IT-IBQ).

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for young children and many result from them doing injury-risk behaviors in the home. There are a number of questionnaire measures of injury-risk behaviors for children 2 years and older, but none that apply during infancy. The current study addressed this gap.

A RCT Testing If a Storybook Can Teach Children About Home Safety.

Objective: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children under 19 years of age. For preschoolers, many injuries occur in the home. Addressing this issue, this study assessed if a storybook about home safety could be effective to increase preschoolers' safety knowledge and reduce their injury-risk behaviors.

Children's Perspectives on Outpatient Physician Visits: Capturing a Missing Voice in Patient-Centered Care.

Actively involving children in their healthcare is a core value of patient-centered care. This is the first study to directly obtain children's detailed perspectives on positive and negative aspects of outpatient physician visits in a primary care setting (e.g.

The effect of a heavy backpack on children's street-crossing performance.

Purpose: The current study examined how wearing a heavy backpack influences children's street crossing behaviors.

Method: Using a fully-immersive virtual reality system, numerous indices of children's street crossing behaviors (7-13 years) were measured both when wearing a heavy backpack (12% of bodyweight) and when not doing so.

Results: A heavy backpack slowed walking speed.

Understanding Sex Differences in Children's Injury Risk as Pedestrians.

Objective: Boys experience more injuries as pedestrians than girls. The aim of this study was to compare how boys and girls cross streets in order to identify factors that differentially influence their injury risk as pedestrians.

Methods: Using a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) system interfaced with a 3D movement measurement system, various measures of children's street-crossing behaviors were taken.

Sustained Reductions in Children's Risk Taking from Peer-Communicated Behavioral Safety Norms.

Objective: This research examined whether the positive effects of a peer-communicated social norm that reduces risk-taking behaviors persist over time and if a reminder of this peer-communicated safety message has any impact on this outcome.

Methods: Positive mood in 7- to 9-year olds was induced experimentally and risk taking intentions and behaviors were measured when the child was in a positive and neutral mood state and after they had been exposed to either a safety or neutral peer-communicated social norm message. A few weeks later, half of the participants who experienced the safety social norm message were exposed to a reminder of this message via a slogan and risk-taking measures were taken again when in a heightened positive mood state.

The Impact of Children's Temperament on How Parents Resolve Safety Disagreements During Preadolescence.

Objectives: Parents play an important role in keeping their children safe. However, this becomes more difficult during preadolescence as children seek greater autonomy away from the direct supervision of adults. The current study focused on preadolescent youth (10-13 years) and examined parent-child disagreements about safety, with a focus on determining if child temperament attributes moderate the relation between how parents learn of these and resolve these disagreements.

Parent-Child Disagreements About Safety During Preadolescence.

Objectives: Much research has examined how parents manage safety issues for young children, however, little is known about how they do so in the preadolescent years when children's demand for autonomy increases. The current study focused on youth in this transition stage (10-13 years) and examined parent-child disagreements about safety, including how parents learn of these, react to these, and resolve these (Aim 1), if the parent-child relationship or sex of the child impacts these processes (Aim 2), and the nature and reasons why children intentionally keep safety-relevant secrets from their parents (Aim 3).

Methods: A short-term longitudinal design was applied.

S.A.F.E.R. Near Water: An Intervention Targeting Parent Beliefs About Children's Water Safety.

Objective: The current study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the S.A.F.

Child pedestrian behaviors: Influence of peer social norms and correspondence between self-reports and crossing behaviors.

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine if children's perception of peers' behavioral norms for crossing streets relates to their personal norms for doing so and if children's self-reports about crossing relates to their actual crossing in a virtual traffic situation.

Method: Children (8-10 years, N = 86) completed questionnaires about peer's norms and their personal norms about crossing streets, and also reported on their recent crossing behaviors. These self-reports about crossing were then related to children's actual crossing behaviors measured using a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) system.

Effects of Peers on Child Pedestrian Behaviors in a Virtual Traffic Context.

Objectives: Research shows that school-aged children are at high risk of pedestrian injury when they cross streets with peers. How peers exert their influence is unknown. Using a fully immersive virtual reality pedestrian environment, this study examined the impact of peers on children's pedestrian behaviors.