The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on evoked pain and quality of life in Non-Hispanic black women with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent chronic pain condition that can significantly impact quality of life and contribute to recognized chronic pain racial disparities. We have shown that a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) can reduce KOA-related pain. Our previous work suggested that the LCD was more beneficial for women and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) adults, but our sample was not sufficiently diverse.

Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on β-Cell Response in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

Context: β-Cell response to glucose is compromised in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), possibly due in part to excessive carbohydrate consumption.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine if a eucaloric carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diet (∼9% energy from carbohydrate, 65% energy from fat), compared to a eucaloric higher carbohydrate (HC) diet (∼55% energy from carbohydrate, 20% energy from fat), would improve β-cell response to glucose in participants with T2D.

Methods: Participants were 57 African American and European American adults with T2D not using insulin.

Adaptive thermogenesis, at the level of resting energy expenditure, after diet alone or diet plus bariatric surgery.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the magnitude of adaptive thermogenesis (AT), at the level of resting energy expenditure (REE), after a very low-energy diet alone or combined with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, as well as to investigate the association between AT and changes in appetite.

Methods: A total of 44 participants with severe obesity underwent 10 weeks of a very low-energy diet alone or combined with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. Body weight and composition, REE, subjective appetite feelings, and plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones were measured at baseline and week 11.

Expert consensus on nutrition and lower-carbohydrate diets: An evidence- and equity-based approach to dietary guidance.

There is a substantial body of clinical evidence supporting the beneficial effects of lower-carbohydrate dietary patterns on multiple established risk factors associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases in adult populations. Nutrition and health researchers, clinical practitioners, and stakeholders gathered for, "The Scientific Forum on Nutrition, Wellness, and Lower-Carbohydrate Diets: An Evidence- and Equity-Based Approach to Dietary Guidance" to discuss the evidence base around lower-carbohydrate diets, health outcomes, and dietary guidance. Consensus statements were agreed upon to identify current areas of scientific agreement and spotlight gaps in research, education, and practice to help define and prioritize future pathways.

Metabolic adaptation is associated with a greater increase in appetite following weight loss: a longitudinal study.

Background: Weight loss is associated with a disproportionate reduction in energy expenditure, along with increases in hunger feelings and ghrelin concentrations. These changes are presumed to be homeostatic mechanisms to counteract the energy deficit. The possibility that these 2 components of the energy balance equation are mechanistically linked has never been examined.

The Effects of COVID-19 Virtual Learning on Body Fat and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity.

: COVID-19 virtual learning reduced structural supports for adolescent physical activity and diet, threatening metabolic health, especially in teens with overweight or obesity (OWOB). : Adolescents (N = 14) with OWOB completed fasting blood draws (measuring insulin resistance, IR) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA, measuring total body fat percent, TBF%) pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. Changes in TBF% and IR were calculated (1) pre-COVID-19 and (2) from pre-COVID-19 to during COVID-19.

Association between ß-Hydroxybutyrate Plasma Concentrations after Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diets and Changes in Body Composition.

Background: Early studies show that ketogenic diets (KDs) lead to preferential loss of fat mass (FM), whereas preserving fat-free mass (FFM). Additionally, animal data support the anticatabolic effects of DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. From our knowledge, a potential association between ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB) plasma concentrations and changes in body composition has never been explored.

Association between Fat-Free Mass Loss, Changes in Appetite, and Weight Regain in Individuals with Obesity.

Background: The role of fat-free mass loss (FFML) in modulating weight regain in individuals with obesity, as well as the potential mechanisms involved, remain inconsistent.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine if % FFML following weight loss (WL) is a predictor of weight regain and to investigate the association between %FFML and changes in appetite markers.

Methods: Seventy individuals with obesity (BMI: 36 ± 4 kg/m; age: 44 ± 9 y; 29 males) underwent 8 wk of a very low energy diet (550-660 kcal/d), followed by 4 wk of gradual refeeding and weight stabilization and a 9-mo maintenance program (eucaloric diet).

Associations of renal sinus fat with blood pressure and ectopic fat in a diverse cohort of adults.

Background: Renal sinus fat (RSF) is an ectopic fat depot shown to be associated with visceral adiposity and hypertension in predominantly white populations. The purpose of this analysis is to investigate RSF and associations between RSF and blood pressure in a cohort of African American (AA) and European American (EA) adults. A secondary purpose was to explore risk factors associated with RSF.

Proinsulin-to-C-Peptide Ratio as a Marker of β-Cell Function in African American and European American Adults.

Objective: The primary purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the proinsulin-to-C-peptide (PI-to-CP) ratio, as an index of proinsulin secretion, would be higher and associated with indices of β-cell function in African American adults relative to European American adults without type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Participants were 114 African American and European American adult men and women. A 2-h oral glucose tolerance test was conducted to measure glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin and derive indices of β-cell response to glucose.

Bioimpedance-Derived Membrane Capacitance: Clinically Relevant Sources of Variability, Precision, and Reliability.

Membrane capacitance (C), a bioimpedance-derived measure of cell membrane health, has been suggested as an indicator of health status. However, there are few published data to support its use in clinical settings. Hence, this study evaluated clinically relevant sources of variation, precision, and reliability of C measurements.

Inflammation, Executive Function, and Adiposity in Children With or at Risk for Obesity: A Pilot Study.

Objective: Obesity is associated with executive function (EF) deficits across the lifespan. Higher body mass index (BMI), obesity severity, and poorer adherence and weight outcomes in obesity treatment have all been associated with EF deficits. Adult literature has begun to emphasize neuroinflammation in obesity as a possible pathway to later cognitive impairment in EF.

Association between Fat-Free Mass Loss after Diet and Exercise Interventions and Weight Regain in Women with Overweight.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine if percent fat-free mass loss (% FFML) after diet alone, diet plus aerobic, or diet plus resistance exercise is a predictor of weight regain in women with overweight.

Methods: One hundred and forty-one premenopausal women with overweight (body mass index, 28 ± 1 kg·m -2 ; age, 35 ± 6 yr) enrolled in a weight loss program to achieve a body mass index <25 kg·m -2 (diet alone, diet plus resistance, or diet plus aerobic exercise) and were followed for 1 yr. Body weight and composition (with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were measured at baseline, after weight loss, and at 1 yr.

Metabolic adaptation delays time to reach weight loss goals.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate, was associated with time to reach weight loss goals, after adjusting for confounders.

Methods: A total of 65 premenopausal women with overweight (BMI: 28.6 ± 1.

Interaction effect of systemic inflammation and modifiable rheumatoid cachexia risk factors on resting energy expenditure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: In rheumatoid cachexia (RC), high resting energy expenditure (REE) is associated with loss of muscle mass driven by proinflammatory cytokines. The objectives of this study were to investigate parameters associated with RC, and the interaction between systemic inflammation and modifiable risk factors for RC on REE.

Methods: Thirty-five rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and nineteen non-RA controls comparable in age, sex, race and BMI underwent measures of REE by indirect calorimetry.

Sex and race contribute to variation in mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.

Objective: Insulin sensitivity is lower in African American (AA) versus Caucasian American (CA). We tested the hypothesis that lower insulin sensitivity in AA could be explained by mitochondrial respiratory rates, coupling efficiency, myofiber composition, or H O emission. A secondary aim was to determine whether sex affected the results.

Association between ketosis and metabolic adaptation at the level of resting metabolic rate.

Background: The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) has been shown to act as a signaling molecule that regulates metabolism and energy homeostasis during starvation in animal models. A potential association between βHB and metabolic adaptation (a reduction in energy expenditure below predicted levels) in humans has never been explored.

Objective: To determine if metabolic adaptation at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR) was associated with the magnitude of ketosis induced by a very-low energy diet (VLED).

A Pilot Study of Associations Between Visceral Fat, IL-6, and Urinary F-Isoprostanes in Older Adults Exposed to a Diet Intervention.

Background: Short-term markers of successful visceral adipose tissue (VAT) loss are needed. Urinary F-isoprostanes might serve as a marker for intensified lipid metabolism, whereas circulating IL-6 might stimulate fat oxidation and enhance mobilization of VAT.

Objectives: This pilot study was designed to explore the hypotheses that ) reduction in VAT is associated with increase in IL-6, and ) that increases in urinary F-isoprostanes are associated with increases in IL-6 and reduction in VAT.

Genetic risk score prediction of leg fat and insulin sensitivity differs by race/ethnicity in early pubertal children.

Background: In the United States, the underlying reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes risk remain unclear. However, differences in genetic risk for insulin resistance and peripheral adipose tissue distribution may be contributing factors.

Objective: To investigate racial/ethnic differences in associations of genetic risk for insulin resistance with leg fat and insulin sensitivity in a cohort of American children.

Metabolic adaptation is associated with less weight and fat mass loss in response to low-energy diets.

Background: The practical relevance of metabolic adaptation remains a controversial issue. To the best of our knowledge, no study has properly evaluated the role of metabolic adaptation in modulating weight loss outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), and weight and fat mass (FM) loss after low-energy diets (LED), after adjusting for dietary adherence and other confounders.