Selecting optimal wearables for measuring physiological arousal in robot-delivered mindfulness-based exercises.

While social robots show promise for therapeutic interventions, accurate assessments of (vulnerable) participants' affective outcomes require attention. The careful selection of devices for recording autonomic processes in response to stress-inducing and relaxing exercises is essential to ensure data quality recordings and participants' comfort. This foundational study assessed two commonly utilized devices to record electrodermal activity (EDA), indexed through skin conductance, concerning their sensitivity to stress-relaxation manipulations and social validity during a robot intervention: a sock with a Shimmer device and a wrist-worn Empatica E4.

Designing pain visualisation for caregivers of people with special needs: A co-creation approach.

Recognizing pain in people with communicative disabilities is challenging. A support system detecting pain signals provides caregivers with information to intervene adequately. This study aims to develop a design for a user interface visualizing pain experiences for a signalling system intended for caregivers.

Development of an AI-Enabled System for Pain Monitoring Using Skin Conductance Sensoring in Socks.

: Where self-report is unfeasible or observations are difficult, physiological estimates of pain are needed. : Pain-data from 30 healthy adults were gathered to create a database of physiological pain responses. A model was then developed, to analyze pain-data and visualize the AI-estimated level of pain on a mobile app.

Personalizing HRI in Musical Instrument Practicing: The Influence of Robot Roles (Evaluative Nonevaluative) on the Child's Motivation for Children in Different Learning Stages.

Learning to play a musical instrument involves skill learning and requires long-term practicing to reach expert levels. Research has already proven that the assistance of a robot can improve children's motivation and performance during practice. In an earlier study, we showed that the specific role (evaluative role versus nonevaluative role) the robot plays can determine children's motivation and performance.

The LEDs move pilot study: the Light Curtain and physical activity and well-being among people with visual and intellectual disabilities.

Background: Moving around and being physically active can often be challenging for people with a visual impairment. The combination of a visual and intellectual disability can make being physically active even more difficult. The aim of the current study was to examine whether a technological device for physical activity promotion would be associated with more movement and whether using it would be experienced as enjoyable for people with visual and intellectual disabilities.

Identifying Interaction Patterns of Tangible Co-Adaptations in Human-Robot Team Behaviors.

As robots become more ubiquitous, they will increasingly need to behave as our team partners and smoothly adapt to the (adaptive) human team behaviors to establish successful patterns of collaboration over time. A substantial amount of adaptations present themselves through subtle and unconscious interactions, which are difficult to observe. Our research aims to bring about that enables team learning.

You Were Always on My Mind: Introducing Chef's Hat and COPPER for Personalized Reinforcement Learning.

Reinforcement learning simulation environments pose an important experimental test bed and facilitate data collection for developing AI-based robot applications. Most of them, however, focus on single-agent tasks, which limits their application to the development of social agents. This study proposes the Chef's Hat simulation environment, which implements a multi-agent competitive card game that is a complete reproduction of the homonymous board game, designed to provoke competitive strategies in humans and emotional responses.

Pivotal Response Treatment with and without robot-assistance for children with autism: a randomized controlled trial.

Pivotal response treatment (PRT) is a promising intervention focused on improving social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since robots potentially appeal to children with ASD and may contribute to their motivation for social interaction, this exploratory randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted comparing PRT (PRT and robot-assisted PRT) with treatment-as-usual (TAU). Seventy-three children (PRT: n = 25; PRT + robot: n = 25; TAU: n = 23) with ASD, aged 3-8 years were assessed at baseline, after 10 and 20 weeks of intervention, and at 3-month follow-up.

Robot-mediated therapy to reduce worrying in persons with visual and intellectual disabilities.

Background: The study explored the use of a robot-mediated therapeutic intervention in persons with visual and intellectual disabilities.

Method: Three robot-mediated intervention sessions were developed to teach three coping skills for worrying. Effectiveness was examined using a multiple-baseline case study design (N = 7).

Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review.

Results: The methods' heart rate variability and electroencephalogram show clear and consistent results as acute pain assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging can measure chronic pain. Ordered by invasiveness and vulnerability, a trend shows that the invasive methods are used more with less vulnerable subjects.

Self-initiations in young children with autism during Pivotal Response Treatment with and without robot assistance.

The initiation of social interaction is often defined as a core deficit of autism spectrum disorder. Optimizing these self-initiations is therefore a key component of Pivotal Response Treatment, an established intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. However, little is known about the development of self-initiations during intervention and whether this development can be facilitated by robot assistance within Pivotal Response Treatment.

Effects of the Level of Interactivity of a Social Robot and the Response of the Augmented Reality Display in Contextual Interactions of People with Dementia.

The well-being of people with dementia (PWD) living in long-term care facilities is hindered due to disengagement and social isolation. Animal-like social robots are increasingly used in dementia care as they can provide companionship and engage PWD in meaningful activities. While most previous human-robot interaction (HRI) research studied engagement independent from the context, recent findings indicate that the context of HRI sessions has an impact on user engagement.

Adherence and acceptability of a robot-assisted Pivotal Response Treatment protocol for children with autism spectrum disorder.

The aim of this study is to present a robot-assisted therapy protocol for children with ASD based on the current state-of-the-art in both ASD intervention research and robotics research, and critically evaluate its adherence and acceptability based on child as well as parent ratings. The robot-assisted therapy was designed based on motivational components of Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT), a highly promising and feasible intervention focused at training "pivotal" (key) areas such as motivation for social interaction and self-initiations, with the goal of establishing collateral gains in untargeted areas of functioning and development, affected by autism spectrum disorders. Overall, children (3-8 y) could adhere to the robot-assisted therapy protocol (Mean percentage of treatment adherence 85.

Crowd of Oz: A Crowd-Powered Social Robotics System for Stress Management.

Coping with stress is crucial for a healthy lifestyle. In the past, a great deal of research has been conducted to use socially assistive robots as a therapy to alleviate stress and anxiety related problems. However, building a fully autonomous social robot which can deliver psycho-therapeutic solutions is a very challenging endeavor due to limitations in artificial intelligence (AI).

The effects of a bioresponse system on the joint attention behaviour of adults with visual and severe or profound intellectual disabilities and their affective mutuality with their caregivers.

Background: The subtle communicative behaviour of individuals with visual and severe/profound intellectual disabilities hinders the success of their interaction with professional caregivers. The bioresponse system, a tool to raise caregivers' awareness of the client's communicative behaviour, may improve the client's joint attention behaviour and the dyad's affective mutuality.

Method: Four client-caregiver dyads participated in a randomized multiple baseline study with repeated baseline, intervention and follow-up observations.

Effects of Robot Facial Characteristics and Gender in Persuasive Human-Robot Interaction.

The growing interest in social robotics makes it relevant to examine the potential of robots as persuasive agents and, more specifically, to examine how robot characteristics influence the way people experience such interactions and comply with the persuasive attempts by robots. The purpose of this research is to identify how the (ostensible) gender and the facial characteristics of a robot influence the extent to which people trust it and the psychological reactance they experience from its persuasive attempts. This paper reports a laboratory study where SociBot™, a robot capable of displaying different faces and dynamic social cues, delivered persuasive messages to participants while playing a game.

Understanding Engagement in Dementia Through Behavior. The Ethographic and Laban-Inspired Coding System of Engagement (ELICSE) and the Evidence-Based Model of Engagement-Related Behavior (EMODEB).

Engagement in activities is of crucial importance for people with dementia. State of the art assessment techniques rely exclusively on behavior observation to measure engagement in dementia. These techniques are either too general to grasp how engagement is naturally expressed through behavior or too complex to be traced back to an overall engagement state.

Directing Attention Through Gaze Hints Improves Task Solving in Human-Humanoid Interaction.

In this paper, we report an experimental study designed to examine how participants perceive and interpret social hints from gaze exhibited by either a robot or a human tutor when carrying out a matching task. The underlying notion is that knowing where an agent is looking at provides cues that can direct attention to an object of interest during the activity. In this regard, we asked human participants to play a card matching game in the presence of either a human or a robotic tutor under two conditions.

Quantity of Movement as a Measure of Engagement for Dementia: The Influence of Motivational Disorders.

Engagement in activities is crucial to improve quality of life in dementia. Yet, its measurement relies exclusively on behavior observation and the influence that behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) have on it is overlooked. This study investigated whether quantity of movement, gauged with a wrist-worn accelerometer, could be a sound measure of engagement and whether apathy and depression negatively affected engagement.

Modelling engagement in dementia through behaviour. Contribution for socially interactive robotics.

In this paper, we present a novel tool to measure engagement in people with dementia playing board games and interacting with a social robot, Pleo. We carried out two studies to reach a comprehensive inventory of behaviours accounting for engagement in dementia. The first one is an exploratory study aimed at modelling engagement in cognitive board games.

A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Crowd Emotions.

Estimation of emotions is an essential aspect in developing intelligent systems intended for crowded environments. However, emotion estimation in crowds remains a challenging problem due to the complexity in which human emotions are manifested and the capability of a system to perceive them in such conditions. This paper proposes a hierarchical Bayesian model to learn in unsupervised manner the behavior of individuals and of the crowd as a single entity, and explore the relation between behavior and emotions to infer emotional states.

Improving Collaborative Play Between Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Their Siblings: The Effectiveness of a Robot-Mediated Intervention Based on Lego® Therapy.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of a brief robot-mediated intervention based on Lego(®) therapy on improving collaborative behaviors (i.e., interaction initiations, responses, and play together) between children with ASD and their siblings during play sessions, in a therapeutic setting.

Promoting question-asking in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorders: effectiveness of a robot intervention compared to a human-trainer intervention.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of an applied behaviour analysis (ABA)-based intervention conducted by a robot compared to an ABA-based intervention conducted by a human trainer in promoting self-initiated questions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods: Data were collected in a combined crossover multiple baseline design across participants. Six children were randomly assigned to two experimental groups.

From training to robot behavior: towards custom scenarios for robotics in training programs for ASD.

Successful results have been booked with using robotics in therapy interventions for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, to make the best use of robots, the behavior of the robot needs to be tailored to the learning objectives and personal characteristics of each unique individual with ASD. Currently training practices include adaptation of the training programs to the condition of each individual client, based on the particular learning goals or the mood of the client.

Simulated trust: a cheap social learning strategy.

Animals use heuristic strategies to determine from which conspecifics to learn socially. This leads to directed social learning. Directed social learning protects them from copying non-adaptive information.