Butterfly abundance changes in England are well associated with extreme climate events.

Climate change exerts significant impacts on ecosystems through extreme climate events (ECEs), which are linked to various climate variables and can occur in different seasons. However, previous studies predominantly focus on a single type of ECE within specific seasons. We address this research gap by examining four typical types of ECEs: droughts, pluvials, heatwaves, and coldwaves, which are consistently defined and identified on a daily scale using a recently proposed statistical method.

Agricultural water and land resources allocation considering carbon sink/source and water scarcity/degradation footprint.

There is an urgent need for scientific management of agricultural water and land resources to cope with global warming and water shortages. Therefore, a stochastic multi-objective non-linear programming model was established under the society-economy-ecology framework in this study, which is capable of (1) considering the carbon sink function of farmland vegetation and the carbon emissions produced from the input of production materials; (2) dealing with the potential impact of agricultural water use on ecology by the indexes of water scarcity and degradation footprint (3) weighing the conflicts and contradictions among different developing targets with economic benefits, and water productivity as well as ecological considerations; (4) obtaining the planting structure, irrigation water allocation schemes and irrigation schedules. In order to verify the applicability and effectiveness of the model, it was applied to Huangyang Irrigation District in Shiyang River Basin, northwest China.