Chromosome-Scale Genome and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Differential Regulation of Terpenoid Secondary Metabolites in .

Construction of the genome of , a species of edible mushroom, and identification of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis can determine the biology and genetics of terpenoids. The present study describes the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of using Pacbio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. This genome consisted of 13 chromosomes, a total size of 43.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Ultraviolet-Radiation-Induced Mutations in Using Whole-Genome Resequencing.

Nucleotide substitutions have played an important role in molecular evolution, and understanding their dynamics would contribute to genetic studies. Related research with defined DNA sequences lasted for decades until whole-genome sequencing arose. UV radiation (UVR) can generate base changes and other genetic variations in a short period of time, so it would be more meaningful to explore mutations caused by UVR from a genomic perspective.

Homeodomain 1 Genes of the Different HD Subloci of Can Activate the HD Pathway and Are Involved in Mating, Clamp Cell Formation, and Upregulation of .

has two independent and functional mating type factors, HD and PR. The HD locus contains two separate subloci: HD-a and HD-b. In this study, we investigated the roles of genes of the HD-a and HD-b subloci in the process of mating, clamp cell formation, and regulation of ( gene) gene expression in .

Flammutoxin, a Degradation Product of Transepithelial Electrical Resistance-Decreasing Protein, Induces Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells.

Proteins from were prepared by sodium chloride extraction and fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation with increasing saturation degrees to obtain the protein fractions , , , , and . Among these protein fractions, possessed the most significant cytotoxic effect against three human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, viz. HT-29, SGC-7901, and HepG2.

Meiosis in an asymmetric dikaryotic genome of Tremella fuciformis Tr01 facilitates new chromosome formation.

Background: The dikaryotic stage dominates most of the life cycle in basidiomycetes, and each cell carries two different haploid nuclei. Accurate phasing of these two nuclear genomes and their interactions have long been of interest.

Results: We combine PacBio HiFi reads, Nanopore ultra-long reads, and Hi-C data to generate a complete, high-quality asymmetric dikaryotic genome of Tremella fuciformis Tr01, including Haplotypes A and B genomes.

Preliminary study on the anti-CO stress and growth ability of hypsizygus marmoreus mutant strain HY68.

Background: A high concentration of CO will stagnate the development of the newly formed primordia of Hypsizygus marmoreus, hinder the development of the mushroom cap, thereby inhibiting the normal differentiation of the fruiting body. Moreover, in the previous experiment, our research group obtained the mutant strain HY68 of H. marmoreus, which can maintain normal fruiting under the condition of high concentration of CO.

Targeted metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal changes in gibberellin and related cell wall-acting enzyme-encoding genes during stipe elongation in .

, a typical agaric fungus, is a widely cultivated and consumed edible mushroom. Elongation of its stipe (as the main edible part) is closely related to its yield and commercial traits; however, the endogenous hormones during stipe elongation and their regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Gibberellin (GA) plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth, but little has been reported in macro fungi.

Low temperature, mechanical wound, and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can stimulate the SA signaling molecule as well as its downstream pathway and the formation of fruiting bodies in .

Low temperature (LT) and mechanical wound (MW), as two common physics methods, have been empirically used in production to stimulate the primordia formation of , which is typically produced using the industrial production mode. However, the detailed effect on the fruiting body formation and important endogenous hormones and signaling pathways in this process is poorly understood. In this study, LT, MW, their combination, i.

Spermidine Synthase and Saccharopine Reductase Have Co-Expression Patterns Both in Basidiomycetes with Fusion Form and Ascomycetes with Separate Form.

Gene fusion is a process through which two or more distinct genes are fused into a single chimeric gene. Unlike most harmful fusion genes in cancer cells, in this study, we first found that spermidine synthetase- (SPDS, catalyst of spermidine biosynthesis) and saccharopine reductase- (SR, catalyst of the penultimate step of lysine biosynthesis) encoding genes form a natural chimeric gene, , in . Through the cloning of full-length ORFs in different strains and the analysis of alternative splicing in developmental stages, has only one copy and unique transcript encoding chimeric SPDS-SR in .

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Stipe Gradient Elongation of .

Stipe gradient elongation is an important and remarkable feature in the development of most mushroom fruiting bodies. However, its molecular mechanism has rarely been described. Here, the decreasing trend of stipe elongation and increasing trend of cell length in a gradient from the top to the base of the stipe were determined in a model basidiomycete mushroom: .

Effects of β-1,6-Glucan Synthase Gene () Overexpression on Stress Response and Fruit Body Development in .

β-1, 6-glucan synthase is a key enzyme of β-1, 6-glucan synthesis, which plays a vital role in the cell wall cross-linking of fungi. However, the role of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene in the development of the fruiting body and the stress response of macrofungi is largely unknown. In this study, four overexpression transformants of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene () were successfully obtained, and gene function was studied in .

Flammulina filiformis Pkac Gene Complementing in Neurospora crassa Mutant Reveals Its Function in Mycelial Growth and Abiotic Stress Response.

is a popular edible mushroom that easily suffers from heat and oxidative stresses. The cyclic adenylate-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is the main signaling pathway in response to environmental stress, and the PKAC is the terminal catalytic subunit of this pathway. In this study, the gene was identified in , which was highly conserved in basidiomycetes and ascomycetes.

Genome-Wide Screening and Stability Verification of the Robust Internal Control Genes for RT-qPCR in Filamentous Fungi.

In real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), internal control genes (ICGs) are crucial for normalization. This study screened 6 novel ICGs: Pre-mRNA-splicing factor cwc15 (); ER associated DnaJ chaperone (); E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4 (); ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1 (); Exosome complex exonuclease DIS3/RRP44 (); V-type H-transporting ATPase sub-unit A () from the 22-transcriptome data of 8 filamentous fungi. The six novel ICGs are all involved in the basic biological process of cells and share the different transcription levels from high to low.

Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Regulate Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Mushroom via Amino Acid Metabolism Pathways.

As a potential medicine for the treatment of depression, psilocybin has gradually attracted attention. To elucidate the molecular mechanism regulating psilocybin synthesis in , ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to detect the changes in psilocybin content after S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) treatment and the changes of psilocybin content in different parts (stipe and pileus), and RNA-Seq was used to explore the mechanism of psilocybin content changes. In this study, the psilocybin content in mycelia treated with SAH was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the content of psilocybin in the stipe was significantly higher than that in the pileus.

Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Monokaryon and Dikaryon Populations Provides Insight Into Cross-Breeding of .

, as one of the most popular edible fungi in East Asia, is produced in an industrialized and standardized way. However, its monotonous variety and product convergence have seriously restricted the development of the industry. In this study, 11 cultivated strains and 13 wild strains of were collected from multiple regions of China and Japan and were performed genome sequencing.

Reactive Oxygen Species Distribution Involved in Stipe Gradient Elongation in the Mushroom .

The mushroom stipe raises the pileus above the substrate into a suitable position for dispersing spores. The stipe elongates at different speeds along its length, with the rate of elongation decreasing in a gradient from the top to the base. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stipe gradient elongation are largely unknown.

The Chromatin Modifier Protein FfJMHY Plays an Important Role in Regulating the Rate of Mycelial Growth and Stipe Elongation in .

Stipe elongation is an important process in the development of the fruiting body and is associated with the commodity quality of agaric fungi. In this study, was used as a model agaric fungus to reveal the function of the chromatin modifier gene containing the JmjC domain in stipe elongation. First, we identified a JmjC domain family gene () with a 3684 bp length open reading frame (ORF) in .

FFGA1 Protein Is Essential for Regulating Vegetative Growth, Cell Wall Integrity, and Protection against Stress in .

is a popular mushroom which has been regarded as a potential model fungus for mycelium growth, fruiting body development, and stress response studies. Based on a genome-wide search, four genes encoding heterotrimeric G protein α subunits were identified in . The data of conserved domain analysis showed that these genes contain only one subgroup I of Gα subunit (Gαi), similar to many other fungi.

Effects of Alcohol Extracts From on Sleep in Mice Using Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis.

is a valuable Chinese medicine. This study aimed to investigate whether a alcohol extract (GRAE) improves sleep, and analyze the potential mechanism. After 30 days of continuous administration of GRAE at various doses, GRAE (1,000 mg/kg.

The Fvclp1 gene regulates mycelial growth and fruiting body development in edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes.

Fruiting body development in Agaricomycetes represents the most complex and unclear process in the fungi. Mating type pathways (A and B) and transcription factors are important regulators in the sexual development of mushrooms. It is known that clampless1 (clp1) is an additional gene that participate under the homeodomain (HD) genes in the matA pathway and clp1 inactivation blocks clamps formation in Coprinopsis cinerea.

Heat stress promotes the conversion of putrescine to spermidine and plays an important role in regulating ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum.

Heat stress (HS) is inescapable environmental stress that can induce the production of ganoderic acids (GAs) in Ganoderma lucidum. Our previous studies found that putrescine (Put) played an inhibitory role in GAs biosynthesis, which appeared to be inconsistent with the upregulated transcription of the Put biosynthetic gene GlOdc under HS. To uncover the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, two spermidine (Spd) biosynthetic genes, GlSpds1 and GlSpds2, were identified and upregulated under HS.

The transcription factor FvHmg1 negatively regulates fruiting body development in Winter Mushroom Flammulina velutipes.

Fruiting body formation in Agaricomycetes represents the most complex and unclear process in the fungi. Mating type pathways (matA and matB) and transcription factors are important regulators in the process. Here, we report a new High-mobility-group (HMG) box domain protein FvHmg1 that acts as a negative transcription regulator in fruiting body development in Winter Mushroom Flammulina velutipes.

Identifying a melanogenesis-related candidate gene by a high-quality genome assembly and population diversity analysis in Hypsizygus marmoreus.

Hypsizygus marmoreus is one of the most important edible fungi in Basidiomycete division and includes white and gray strains. However, very limited knowledge is known about the genomic structures and the genetic basis for the white/gray diversity of this mushroom. Here, we report the near-complete high-quality H.

First Report of Cladosporium Blossom Blight Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides on Calliandra haematocephala in China.

Calliandra haematocephala Hassk., commonly called red powder puff, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong and Fujian in China (CAS, 1988). The flowers are dark crimson with conspicuous stamens, which give them the appearance of powder-puffs.