[Micro- and nano-structures on metal induced by femtosecond laser radiation].

In the present study the authors performed surface treatment of stainless steel 65Mn (the thickness is 60 microm) by femtosecond laser (pulse duration 148 fs, wavelength 775 nm). The single-pulse threshold could be obtained directly to be about 0. 2 J x cm(-2).

A quantitative description of conductance of human stratum corneum caused by pulse electrical field.

it is expounded the properties of conductance changes of the stratum corneum (SC) under the electric pulse field. It is considered that conductance for SC is determined by activation and inactivation factors. With the diffusion chamber as system, and the SC from cadaver as the object, we studied the behavior of the conductance change under the electric pulse field.

The use of artificial neural networks in the motor program.

Though it is commonly assumed that the brain creates "motor programs" which store the information essential to perform a motor skill, little direct evidence exists for such motor programs. Electromyography (EMG) provides a look into the motoneurons--level of a movement by measuring the electrical activity in relation to the muscle's involvement in the movement In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to define the temporal patterns of EMG activity used by normal subjects in performing step-tracking tasks, and how such patterns change with practice. Our results demonstrate that ANNs could be trained to detect the input-output relationship between muscles' onset times and reaction times, and provided evidence to support the existence of a motor program.

[Combination products: a new model of medical devices].

A combination product is a new model of the medical product that incorporates at least two of the regulated component categories of device, drug, or biological product into one product. It has become a new hot point within the development of devices and drugs, and has brought about a new opportunity for device and drug industries and a new challenge for administration too. In the paper, the properties of combination products are summed up and the impact on device and drug industries are discussed.

[Non-equilibrium properties of drug permeation through stratum corneum in vitro].

Aim: To illustrate the non-equilibrium properties of drug permeation through stratum corneum (SC) to provide theory and method for transdermal drug delivery.

Methods: The system of side-by-side permeation chambers in vitro was isolated, thus conditions for equilibrium state were decided. And a network thermodynamic model was established.