Hybrid treatment of varied orthodontic appliances for a patient with skeletal class II and temporomandibular joint disorders: A case report and review of literature.

Background: The relation between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is under debate; the management of TMD during orthodontic treatment has always been a challenge. If TMD symptoms occur during orthodontic treatment, an immediate pause of orthodontic adjustments is recommended; the treatment can resume when the symptoms are managed and stabilized.

Case Summary: This case report presents a patient (26-year-old, female) with angle class I, skeletal class II and TMDs.

Associations of waist circumference with sex steroid hormones among 4031 USA children and adolescents.

In the recent decades, obesity rates among children and adolescents, especially males, have increased significantly. This worldwide phenomenon is thought to significantly affect the levels of sex hormones. However, the association between waist circumference (a marker of abdominal obesity) and sex hormone levels in children and adolescents is unknown.