Roles of quorum-sensing molecules in methane production from anaerobic digestion aided by biochar.

Biochar has been used to enhance methane generation from anaerobic digestion through establishing direct interspecific electron transfer between microorganisms. However, the microbial communication is still inadequate, thereby limiting further methane production improvement contributed by biochar. This study investigated the roles of quorum-sensing molecules, acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge aided by biochar.

CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE C proteins modulate cell wall establishment during ethylene-mediated root growth inhibition in rice.

The cell wall shapes plant cell morphogenesis and affects the plasticity of organ growth. However, the way in which cell wall establishment is regulated by ethylene remains largely elusive. Here, by analyzing cell wall patterns, cell wall composition and gene expression in rice (Oryza sativa, L.

Natural zeolite enhances anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Insights into the performance and the role of biofilm.

Anaerobic digestion is widely employed for the treatment of waste activated sludge (WAS) due to its advantages like simultaneous energy recovery and sludge stabilization, promoting carbon-neutral operation of wastewater treatment plants. Natural zeolite, a low-cost and eco-friendly additive, has the potential to improve methane production from anaerobic digestion. This study investigated the effects of natural zeolite on anaerobic digestion when the substrate was WAS.

Insights into response mechanism of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge to particle sizes of zeolite.

Anaerobic digestion has been proved as one promising strategy to simultaneously achieve resource recovery and environmental pollution control for biosolid treatment, and adding exogenous materials is a potential alternative to promote the above process. This study investigated response mechanisms of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) to particle sizes of zeolite. Results showed that the methane production reached 186.

Plant-on-chip: Core morphogenesis processes in the tiny plant .

A plant can be thought of as a colony comprising numerous growth buds, each developing to its own rhythm. Such lack of synchrony impedes efforts to describe core principles of plant morphogenesis, dissect the underlying mechanisms, and identify regulators. Here, we use the minimalist known angiosperm to overcome this challenge and provide a model system for plant morphogenesis.

Galactosylation of rhamnogalacturonan-II for cell wall pectin biosynthesis is critical for root apoplastic iron reallocation in Arabidopsis.

Apoplastic iron (Fe) in roots represents an essential Fe storage pool. Reallocation of apoplastic Fe is of great importance to plants experiencing Fe deprivation, but how this reallocation process is regulated remains elusive, likely because of the highly complex cell wall structure and the limited knowledge about cell wall biosynthesis and modulation. Here, we present genetic and biochemical evidence to demonstrate that the Cdi-mediated galactosylation of rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is required for apoplastic Fe reallocation.

Research on the Effect of Molten Salt Ultrasonic Composite Cleaning for Paint Removal.

Aiming at paint removal on hydraulic cylinder, the effect of molten salt ultrasonic composite cleaning was studied. First, the mechanism of molten salt cleaning and ultrasonic cleaning was reviewed. To further describe the composite cleaning mechanism, the components and internal structure of paint were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared.

Xyloglucan Fucosylation Modulates Arabidopsis Cell Wall Hemicellulose Aluminium binding Capacity.

Although xyloglucan (XyG) is reported to bind Aluminium (Al), the influence of XyG fucosylation on the cell wall Al binding capacity and plant Al stress responses is unclear. We show that Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants with reduced AXY3 (XYLOSIDASE1) function and consequent reduced levels of fucosylated XyG are more sensitive to Al than wild-type Col-0 (WT). In contrast, T-DNA insertion mutants with reduced AXY8 (FUC95A) function and consequent increased levels of fucosylated XyG are more Al resistant.

TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 affects aluminum sensitivity by modulating the O-acetylation of xyloglucan and aluminum-binding capacity in Arabidopsis.

Xyloglucan (XyG) has been reported to contribute to the aluminum (Al)-binding capacity of the cell wall in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the influence of O-acetylation of XyG, accomplished by the putative O-acetyltransferase TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 (TBL27 [AXY4]), on its Al-binding capacity is not known. In this study, we found that the two corresponding TBL27 mutants, axy4-1 and axy4-3, were more Al sensitive than wild-type Columbia-0 plants.

Disruption of secondary wall cellulose biosynthesis alters cadmium translocation and tolerance in rice plants.

Tricheary elements (TEs), wrapped by secondary cell wall, play essential roles in water, mineral, and nutrient transduction. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is absorbed by roots and transported to shoot, leaves, and grains through vascular systems in plants. As rice is a major source of Cd intake, many efforts have been made to establish 'low-Cd rice'.

XTH31, encoding an in vitro XEH/XET-active enzyme, regulates aluminum sensitivity by modulating in vivo XET action, cell wall xyloglucan content, and aluminum binding capacity in Arabidopsis.

Xyloglucan endohydrolase (XEH) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activities, encoded by xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase (XTH) genes, are involved in cell wall extension by cutting or cutting and rejoining xyloglucan chains, respectively. However, the physiological significance of this biochemical activity remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that an XTH31 T-DNA insertion mutant, xth31, is more Al resistant than the wild type.

The transcription factor AtDOF4.2 regulates shoot branching and seed coat formation in Arabidopsis.

Plant-specific DOF (DNA-binding with one finger)-type transcription factors regulate various biological processes. In the present study we characterized a silique-abundant gene AtDOF (Arabidopsis thaliana DOF) 4.2 for its functions in Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis NMD3 is required for nuclear export of 60S ribosomal subunits and affects secondary cell wall thickening.

NMD3 is required for nuclear export of the 60S ribosomal subunit in yeast and vertebrate cells, but no corresponding function of NMD3 has been reported in plants. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana NMD3 (AtNMD3) showed a similar function in the nuclear export of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Interference with AtNMD3 function by overexpressing a truncated dominant negative form of the protein lacking the nuclear export signal sequence caused retainment of the 60S ribosomal subunits in the nuclei.

Aerobic and anaerobic nonmicrobial methane emissions from plant material.

Methane (CH(4)) may be generated via microbial and nonmicrobial mechanisms. Nonmicrobial CH(4) is also ubiquitous in nature, such as in biomass burning, the Earth's crust, plants, and animals. Relative to microbial CH(4), nonmicrobial CH(4) is less understood.

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting hemicellulose characteristics based on cell wall composition in a wild and cultivated rice species.

Cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides are structurally complex and diverse. Knowledge about the synthesis of cell wall hemicelluloses and their biological roles is limited. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is a helpful tool for the dissection of complex phenotypes for gene identification.

[Cotton fiber quality traits were controlled mainly by maternal plant genotype].

Hai1, a Gossypium barbadense L. variety with super fiber quality, and CCRI36 and Zhong221, two upland cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.), were used as recurrent parents to develop two backcross combinations of CCRI36xHai1 and Zhong221xHai1.