Understanding Depression in Autism: The Role of Subjective Perception and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume.

Background: The prevalence of depression is elevated in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to the general population, yet the reasons for this disparity remain unclear. While social deficits central to ASD may contribute to depression, it is uncertain whether social interaction behavior themselves or individuals' introspection about their social behaviors are more impactful. Although the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala are frequently implicated in ASD, depression, and social functioning, it is unknown if these regions explain differences between ASD adults with and without co-occurring depression.

The future of large language models in social science research: Reply to Berger (2024) and Carrillo et al. (2024).

In their commentaries, Berger (2024) and Carrillo et al. (2024) raise several thoughtful questions regarding machine-assisted hypothesis generation in the social sciences. We discuss their ideas and build upon them.

Machine-assisted social psychology hypothesis generation.

Social psychology research projects begin with generating a testable idea that relies heavily on a researcher's ability to assimilate, recall, and accurately process available research findings. However, an exponential increase in new research findings is making the task of synthesizing ideas across the multitude of topics challenging, which could result in important overlooked research connections. In this research, we leverage the fact that social psychology research is based on verbal models and employ large natural language models to generate hypotheses that can aid social psychology researchers in developing new research hypotheses.

Phenotypical divergence between self-reported and clinically ascertained autism.

While allowing for rapid recruitment of large samples, online psychiatric and neurodevelopmental research relies heavily on participants' self-report of neuropsychiatric symptoms, foregoing the rigorous clinical characterization of laboratory settings. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research is one example where the clinical validity of such an approach remains elusive. Here, we compared participants characterized online via self-reports against in-person participants evaluated by clinicians.

Breath of Health: spectroscopy-based breath test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. These tests require professional manpower and equipment, long processing and swab sampling which is unpleasant to the patients. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified in the breath of COVID-19 patients.

Performance of Febrile Infant Decision Tools on Hypothermic Infants Evaluated for Infection.

Background: Given the lack of evidence-based guidelines for hypothermic infants, providers may be inclined to use febrile infant decision-making tools to guide management decisions. Our objective was to assess the diagnostic performance of febrile infant decision tools for identifying hypothermic infants at low risk of bacterial infection.

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of hypothermic (≤36.

Caring for Children With Medical Complexity: A Clinical, Patient-Focused Curriculum.

Introduction: Caring for children with medical complexity (CMC) requires specialized knowledge and skills. However, no standardized curricula are used across training programs as institutions have varying needs and resources.

Methods: We created a patient-focused, interactive curriculum for two CMC topics: feeding/nutrition and pain/irritability.

The moral foundations of cryptocurrency: evidence from Twitter and survey research.

Despite its relatively brief history, cryptocurrency has already had a profound impact on the economy, with some predicting that it will eventually replace traditional fiat currencies. Historically, it had dark associations with illegal activities in the early days, although perceptions and associations likely have, in recent years, changed for the better. Thus, understanding how people perceive the morality of cryptocurrency currently forms the motivation of the current research.

Variation in Care of Well-Appearing Hypothermic Young Infants: A Multisite Study.

Background And Objectives: Numerous decision tools have emerged to guide management of febrile infants, but limited data exist to guide the care of young infants presenting with hypothermia. We evaluated the variation in care for well-appearing hypothermic young infants in the hospital and/or emergency department setting between participating sites.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of well-appearing infants ≤90 days old across 9 academic medical centers from September 1, 2016 to May 5, 2021.

Prevalence of Invasive Bacterial Infection in Hypothermic Young Infants: A Multisite Study.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of bacteremia and meningitis (invasive bacterial infection [IBI]) in hypothermic young infants, and also to determine the prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBI) and neonatal herpes simplex virus and to identify characteristics associated with IBI.

Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infants ≤90 days of age who presented to 1 of 9 hospitals with historical or documented hypothermia (temperature ≤36.0°C) from September 1, 2017, to May 5, 2021.

The population genetics of speciation by cascade reinforcement.

Species interactions drive diverse evolutionary outcomes. Speciation by cascade reinforcement represents one example of how species interactions can contribute to the proliferation of species. This process occurs when the divergence of mating traits in response to selection against interspecific hybridization incidentally leads to reproductive isolation among populations of the same species.

Shifting Perspectives: A Qualitative Study to Understand Family Expectations at the Time of Their Child's Admission.

Purpose: Patient-centered approaches to health care acknowledge the important role that families have in patients' lives. Shared expectations between families and providers have the potential to improve patient and family experience, hospital care, and outcomes. We aimed to understand families' expectations for their child's admission from the vantage point of the start of a hospital stay.

Disrupted computations of social control in individuals with obsessive-compulsive and misophonia symptoms.

Misophonia is a disorder in which certain sounds produced by other people lead to intense negative reactions. It remains unknown how misophonia relates to other psychiatric conditions or impairments. To identify latent constructs underlying symptoms, we conducted a factor analysis consisting of items from questionnaires assessing symptoms of misophonia and other psychiatric conditions.

Facilitating Engagement on Family-Centered Rounds for Families With Limited Comfort With English.

Objective: Conducting family-centered rounds (FCR) for families with limited comfort with English (LCE) presents communication challenges. The objective of this study was to characterize the preferences of Spanish-speaking parents with LCE around interpretation and communication with the medical team during FCR to promote family engagement during rounds.

Methods: This qualitative study was conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital in New York, New York.

Computational mechanisms underlying illusion of control in delusional individuals.

Humans navigate complex situations that require the accurate estimation of the controllability of the environment. Aberrant controllability computation might lead to maladaptive behaviors and poor mental health outcomes. Illusion of control, which refers to a heightened sense of control while the environment is uncontrollable, is one such manifestation and has been conceptually associated with delusional ideation.

A Quality Improvement Approach to Improving Discharge Documentation.

Introduction: Accurate discharge documentation is critical to ensuring a safe and effective transition of care following hospitalization, yet many discharge summaries do not meet consensus standards for content. A local needs assessment demonstrated gaps in documentation of 3 essential elements: discharge diagnosis, discharge medications, and follow-up appointments. This study aimed to increase the completion of three discharge elements from a baseline of 45% by 20 percentage points over 16 months for patients discharged from the general pediatrics service.

Bidirectional Introgression between Mus musculus domesticus and Mus spretus.

Introgressed variants from other species can be an important source of genetic variation because they may arise rapidly, can include multiple mutations on a single haplotype, and have often been pretested by selection in the species of origin. Although introgressed alleles are generally deleterious, several studies have reported introgression as the source of adaptive alleles-including the rodenticide-resistant variant of Vkorc1 that introgressed from Mus spretus into European populations of Mus musculus domesticus. Here, we conducted bidirectional genome scans to characterize introgressed regions into one wild population of M.

Physician Perspectives on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family-Centered Rounds.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has required modifications to family-centered rounds (FCR), although the specific changes and the effects on patients, families, and providers are not well known. In this study, we explore physician perspectives on changes made to FCR during the initial wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and recommendations for the future.

Methods: Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with 20 pediatric attending and resident physicians who cared for hospitalized patients between March and May 2020 on pediatric hospital medicine and subspecialty services that typically perform FCR.

Flying Solo: Effectiveness of Attendingless Family-Centered Rounds on Improving Resident Autonomy.

Background And Objectives: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that residents demonstrate increasing autonomy during their training. Although residents report a better educational environment with hospitalists present during family-centered rounds (FCRs), there is a concern that attending presence may reduce resident autonomy. We aim to determine the effect of FCRs without an attending during rounds on senior residents' sense of autonomy.

Hippocampal contributions to social and cognitive deficits in autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by hallmark impairments in social functioning. Nevertheless, nonsocial cognition, including hippocampus-dependent spatial reasoning and episodic memory, is also commonly impaired in ASD. ASD symptoms typically emerge between 12 and 24 months of age, a time window associated with critical developmental events in the hippocampus.