Structural and functional analysis of the active cow rumen's microbial community provides a catalogue of genes and microbes participating in the deconstruction of cardoon biomass.

Background: Ruminal microbial communities enriched on lignocellulosic biomass have shown considerable promise for the discovery of microorganisms and enzymes involved in digesting cell wall compounds, a key bottleneck in the development of second-generation biofuels and bioproducts, enabling a circular bioeconomy. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) is a promising inedible energy crop for current and future cellulosic biorefineries and the emerging bioenergy and bioproducts industries. The rumen microbiome can be considered an anaerobic "bioreactor", where the resident microbiota carry out the depolymerization and hydrolysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides (PCWPs) through the catalytic action of fibrolytic enzymes.

Oxygen-Releasing Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dispersion with Controlled Oxygen Delivery for Enhanced Periodontal Tissue Engineering.

Periodontitis is a chronic biofilm-associated inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues that causes tooth loss. It is strongly associated with anaerobic bacterial colonization and represents a substantial global health burden. Due to a local hypoxic environment, tissue regeneration is impaired.

Nutritional values of forage-legume-based silages and protein concentrates for growing pigs.

In organic pig production systems, one of the main challenges is to meet the demand for resources rich in protein. Among the resources available, temperate green plants, such as forage legumes, are potential sources of energy and protein. The aim of the study was to determine the nutritional value of silages (S) from the whole plant of lucerne (L) and red clover (R) and protein pastes (PPs) obtained from L and R leaves.

Modest volcanic SO emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

Indonesia hosts the largest number of active volcanoes, several of which are renowned for climate-changing historical eruptions. This pedigree might suggest a substantial fraction of global volcanic sulfur emissions from Indonesia and are intrinsically driven by sulfur-rich magmas. However, a paucity of observations has hampered evaluation of these points-many volcanoes have hitherto not been subject to emissions measurements.

Unravelling error sources in miniaturized NIR spectroscopic measurements: The case study of forages.

The use of miniaturized NIR spectrometers is spreading over the scientific literature with a particular focus on developing methods as rapid and easy-to-use as possible and following the philosophy of green analytical chemistry. Several applications and studies are typically presented by comparing results obtained with benchtop instrumentation even when the analytical strategies are substantially different. Indeed, analytical applications that include the use of miniaturized instrumentation are subject to several sources of variability that need to be known at the time of method development.

Study on the Effect of Ensiling Process and Ruminal Digestion on the Synthesis and Release of Cyclopropane Fatty Acids in Cow Feeding.

Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPFA) were found in milk fat from cows fed maize silage and suggested to be synthesized by lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. This study aimed to elucidate some gaps of knowledge about the microbial synthesis of CPFA, to strengthen the current authentication method based on their detection in cheese fat and performed for Parmigiano Reggiano (UNI11650), whose Specifications forbid the use of silage. CPFA were screened in different ensiled cows' feeding by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the effect of feed ingredients and ruminal digestion on CPFA microbial production were further examined by tests.

A mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive counteracts the adverse effects of regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in dairy cows.

Little is known about the effects of commonly found levels of Fusarium mycotoxins on the performance, metabolism, and immunity of dairy cattle. We investigated the effects of regular contamination levels, meaning contamination levels that can be commonly detected in dairy feeds, of deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) in total mixed ration (TMR) on the performance, diet digestibility, milk quality, and plasma liver enzymes in dairy cows. This trial examined 12 lactating Holstein dairy cows using a 3-period × 3-treatment Latin square design.

A heritable subset of the core rumen microbiome dictates dairy cow productivity and emissions.

A 1000-cow study across four European countries was undertaken to understand to what extent ruminant microbiomes can be controlled by the host animal and to identify characteristics of the host rumen microbiome axis that determine productivity and methane emissions. A core rumen microbiome, phylogenetically linked and with a preserved hierarchical structure, was identified. A 39-member subset of the core formed hubs in co-occurrence networks linking microbiome structure to host genetics and phenotype (methane emissions, rumen and blood metabolites, and milk production efficiency).

CO flux emissions from the Earth's most actively degassing volcanoes, 2005-2015.

The global carbon dioxide (CO) flux from subaerial volcanoes remains poorly quantified, limiting our understanding of the deep carbon cycle during geologic time and in modern Earth. Past attempts to extrapolate the global volcanic CO flux have been biased by observations being available for a relatively small number of accessible volcanoes. Here, we propose that the strong, but yet unmeasured, CO emissions from several remote degassing volcanoes worldwide can be predicted using regional/global relationships between the CO/S ratio of volcanic gases and whole-rock trace element compositions (e.

Effect of hot season on blood parameters, fecal fermentative parameters, and occurrence of Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores in feces of lactating dairy cows.

High temperature influences rumen and gut health, passage rate, and diet digestibility, with effects on fermentative processes. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of hot season on hindgut fermentation, the occurrence of Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores in bovine feces, and on their relationship with metabolic conditions in dairy cows producing milk used for Grana Padano cheese. The study was carried out on 7 dairy farms located in the Po Valley (Italy), involving 1,950 Italian Friesian dairy cows.

Innate immune responses to metabolic stress can be detected in rumen fluids.

Many production diseases of dairy cows are related to digestive troubles. The rumen subacute acidosis is the most relevant one, albeit not easily recognized. Recent studies suggest that forestomachs can perform regulatory actions at both regional and systemic levels, since forestomach walls express immune receptors and cytokines, and the rumen liquor is infiltrated by leukocytes.

Magmatic gas percolation through the old lava dome of El Misti volcano.

The proximity of the major city of Arequipa to El Misti has focused attention on the hazards posed by the active volcano. Since its last major eruption in the fifteenth century, El Misti has experienced a series of modest phreatic eruptions and fluctuating fumarolic activity. Here, we present the first measurements of the compositions of gas emitted from the lava dome in the summit crater.

Improving the prediction ability of FT-MIR spectroscopy to assess titratable acidity in cow's milk.

This study investigated the potential application of Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) for the determination of titratable acidity (TA) in cow's milk. The prediction model was developed on 201 samples collected from cows in early and late lactation, and was successively used to predict TA on samples collected from cows in early lactation and in samples with high somatic cell count. The root mean square error of cross-validation of the model by using external validation dataset was 0.

Metabolic and biochemical changes in plasma of the periparturient rabbit does with different litter size.

The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic and biochemical changes in plasma that occur in the reproductive rabbit doe close to the parturition, as well as if the number of offspring affects the metabolism and the health status of the doe. At -3, 4 and 12 days from parturition (-D3, D4, and D12, respectively) nine rabbit does at their third parity from a commercial hybrid line (HYPLUS PS 19) selected for high prolificacy were weighted and blood was collected for a wide inflammometabolic profile. According to the number of offspring the does were retrospectively divided in two groups: high litter size group (HI; n=5) and low litter size group (LO; n=4).

Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: consequences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry.

Acute acidosis was induced in sheep, and gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by using lactulose as a permeability marker. Metabolism was evaluated by monitoring blood metabolites. Four rams (72.

Selection for milk coagulation properties predicted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Italian Holstein-Friesian breed.

Milk coagulation is based on a series of physicochemical changes at the casein micelle level, resulting in formation of a gel. Milk coagulation properties (MCP) are relevant for cheese quality and yield, important factors for the dairy industry. They are also evaluated in herd bulk milk to reward or penalize producers of Protected Designation of Origin cheeses.

Evaluation of innate immune responses in bovine forestomachs.

Previous studies had indicated an active role of bovine forestomachs in the response to alimentary disorders as well as to inflammatory and infectious processes in both the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and elsewhere. We investigated the potential of bovine forestomachs to receive, elaborate and produce signals and mediators of the innate immune response. Indeed, we detected the expression of Toll IL-1R8/single Ig IL-1-related receptor (TIR8/SIGIRR) and other receptors and cytokines, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10 and Caspase-1 in the forestomach walls of healthy cows.

Assessment of gastrointestinal permeability by lactulose test in sheep after repeated indomethacin treatment.

The aim of the study was to assess the small intestine permeability by using lactulose as a sugar probe and blood metabolites in sheep after a challenge with repeated indomethacin injections. According to a changeover design, 7 adult sheep (4 males and 3 females) were subjected to 4 intramuscular injections (every 12 h) of saline [control (CRT); 7 animals] or indomethacin (INDO; 7 animals). Two hours after the last injection, 30 g of lactulose were administered orally to both CTR and INDO.

Effect of DNA extraction and sample preservation method on rumen bacterial population.

The comparison of the bacterial profile of intracellular (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) isolated from cow rumen content stored under different conditions was conducted. The influence of rumen fluid treatment (cheesecloth squeezed, centrifuged, filtered), storage temperature (RT, -80 °C) and cryoprotectants (PBS-glycerol, ethanol) on quality and quantity parameters of extracted DNA was evaluated by bacterial DGGE analysis, real-time PCR quantification and metabarcoding approach using high-throughput sequencing. Samples clustered according to the type of extracted DNA due to considerable differences between iDNA and eDNA bacterial profiles, while storage temperature and cryoprotectants additives had little effect on sample clustering.

Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep.

Effects of different periods of exposure to hot environments on rumen function, diet digestibility and digesta passage rate were studied in four adult not-pregnant Sardinian ewes housed in a climatic chamber. The ewes were kept in individual metabolic cages. The trial lasted 83 days; 17 days were spent under thermal comfort conditions (TC) [temperature-humidity index (THI) = 65.

Plasma homocysteine concentration, C677T MTHFR genotype, and 844ins68bp CBS genotype in young adults with spontaneous cervical artery dissection and atherothrombotic stroke.

Background And Purpose: The role of mild hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for cerebral ischemia may depend on stroke subtype. To test this hypothesis, we undertook a prospective case-control study of a group of patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD), a group of patients with atherothrombotic stroke (non-CAD), and a group of control subjects.

Methods: Fasting total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentration, C677T MTHFR genotype, and 844ins68bp CBS genotype were determined in 25 patients with sCAD, 31 patients <45 years of age with non-CAD ischemic stroke, and 36 control subjects.

Influence of short- and long-term exposure to a hot environment on rumen passage rate and diet digestibility by Friesian heifers.

Effects of short- and long-term exposure to a hot environment on diet digestibility and rumen passage rate were studied in four, 10-mo-old Friesian heifers housed in a climatic chamber. The trial lasted 65 d. Twenty-five days were spent under thermal comfort (temperature-humidity index = 64), and 40 d were spent under hot conditions (temperature-humidity index = 84).

[Bovine leukemia virus (BLV): prevalence in the Cuenca Lechera Mar y Sierras from 1994 to 1995].

The Cuenca Lechera Mar y Sierras (CLMS) includes about 300 dairy farms located in the counties of Tandil, Balcarce, Juarez, Ayacucho, General Pueyrredón, Gonzalez Chavez and Necochea, in the province of Buenos Aires. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of infection caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in the CLMS. We investigated the presence of anti-BLV antibodies in 4,203 milk samples taken from 73 dairy farms belonging to the CLMS.