Proteomic analysis of crocodile white blood cells reveals insights into the mechanism of the innate immune system.

Crocodiles have a particularly powerful innate immune system because their blood contains high levels of antimicrobial peptides. They can survive injuries that would be fatal to other animals, and they are rarely afflicted with diseases. To better understand the crocodile's innate immune response, proteomic analysis was performed on the white blood cells (WBC) of an -infected crocodile.

Assessment of safety and intranasal neutralizing antibodies of HPMC-based human anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG1 nasal spray in healthy volunteers.

An HPMC-based nasal spray solution containing human IgG1 antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (nasal antibody spray or NAS) was developed to strengthen COVID-19 management. NAS exhibited potent broadly neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 with PVNT values ranging from 0.0035 to 3.

Efficiency Comparative Approach of Plant-Produced Monoclonal Antibodies against Rabies Virus Infection.

Rabies encephalitis is a fatal zoonotic viral disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus. It remains a major public health concern as it causes almost 100% fatality and has no effective medication after the onset of the disease. However, this illness is preventable with the timely administration of effective post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of the rabies vaccine and passive immune globulins (HRIG and ERIG).

Rice β-glucosidase Os12BGlu38 is required for synthesis of intine cell wall and pollen fertility.

Glycoside hydrolase family1 β-glucosidases play a variety of roles in plants, but their in planta functions are largely unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, the biological function of Os12BGlu38, a rice β-glucosidase, expressed in bicellular to mature pollen, was examined. Genotype analysis of progeny of the self-fertilized heterozygous Os12BGlu38 T-DNA mutant, os12bglu38-1, found no homozygotes and a 1:1 ratio of wild type to heterozygotes.

Action of Multiple Rice β-Glucosidases on Abscisic Acid Glucose Ester.

Conjugation of phytohormones with glucose is a means of modulating their activities, which can be rapidly reversed by the action of β-glucosidases. Evaluation of previously characterized recombinant rice β-glucosidases found that nearly all could hydrolyze abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE). Os4BGlu12 and Os4BGlu13, which are known to act on other phytohormones, had the highest activity.

Physicochemical properties and oxygen affinity of glutaraldehyde polymerized crocodile hemoglobin: the new alternative hemoglobin source for hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are modified stroma-free hemoglobin molecules used in developing a blood substitute for therapeutic usage. In order to prevent hemoglobin dissociation, glutaraldehyde (GTA) was used to generate high-molecular weight heterogeneous crocodile hemoglobin (Poly-cHb). This work, Poly-cHb was created using various GTA concentrations, ranging from 0.

Demonstration of monolignol β-glucosidase activity of rice Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 in Arabidopsis thaliana bglu45 mutant.

The glycoside hydrolase family 1 members Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 were proposed to be rice monolignol β-glucosidases. In vitro studies demonstrated that the Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 hydrolyze the monolignol glucosides coniferin and syringin with high efficiency compared to other substrates. The replacement of the conserved catalytic acid/base glutamate residue by a nonionizable glutamine residue in Os4BGlu14 suggested that it may be inactive as a β-glucosidase.

Comparative proteomic analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii control and a salinity-tolerant strain revealed a differential protein expression pattern.

Proteins involved in membrane transport and trafficking, stress and defense, iron uptake and metabolism, as well as proteolytic enzymes, were remarkably up-regulated in the salinity-tolerant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Excessive concentration of NaCl in the environment can cause adverse effects on plants and microalgae. Successful adaptation of plants to long-term salinity stress requires complex cellular adjustments at different levels from molecular, biochemical and physiological processes.

β-Glucosidases: Multitasking, moonlighting or simply misunderstood?

β-Glucosidases have a wide range of functions in plants, including roles in recycling of cell-wall oligosaccharides, defense, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and scent release, among others. It is not always clear which one is responsible for a specific function, as plants contain a large set of β-glucosidases. However, progress has been made in recent years in elucidating these functions.

Identification of Fatty Acid Glucose Esters as Os9BGlu31 Transglucosidase Substrates in Rice Flag Leaves.

Rice Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase transfers glucosyl moieties between various carboxylic acids and alcohols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, in vitro. The role of Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase in rice plant metabolism has only been suggested to date. Methanolic extracts of rice bran and leaves were found to contain oleic acid and linoleic acid to which Os9BGlu31 could transfer glucose from the 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside (4NPGlc) donor to form 1-O-acyl glucose esters.

Recombinant expression and characterization of the cytoplasmic rice β-glucosidase Os1BGlu4.

The Os1BGlu4 β-glucosidase is the only glycoside hydrolase family 1 member in rice that is predicted to be localized in the cytoplasm. To characterize the biochemical function of rice Os1BGlu4, the Os1bglu4 cDNA was cloned and used to express a thioredoxin fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After removal of the tag, the purified recombinant Os1BGlu4 (rOs1BGlu4) exhibited an optimum pH of 6.

Rice Os9BGlu31 is a transglucosidase with the capacity to equilibrate phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and phytohormone glycoconjugates.

Glycosylation is an important mechanism of controlling the reactivities and bioactivities of plant secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Rice (Oryza sativa) Os9BGlu31 is a glycoside hydrolase family GH1 transglycosidase that acts to transfer glucose between phenolic acids, phytohormones, and flavonoids. The highest activity was observed with the donors feruloyl-glucose, 4-coumaroyl-glucose, and sinapoyl-glucose, which are known to serve as donors in acyl and glucosyl transfer reactions in the vacuole, where Os9BGlu31 is localized.

Proteomic analysis of salinity-stressed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed differential suppression and induction of a large number of important housekeeping proteins.

Salinity stress is one of the most common abiotic stresses that hamper plant productivity worldwide. Successful plant adaptations to salt stress require substantial changes in cellular protein expression. In this work, we present a 2-DE-based proteomic analysis of a model unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, subjected to 300 mM NaCl for 2 h.

Proteomic analysis of a model unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, during short-term exposure to irradiance stress reveals significant down regulation of several heat-shock proteins.

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms often suffer from excessive irradiance, which cause harmful effects to the chloroplast proteins and lipids. Photoprotection and the photosystem II repair processes are the mechanisms that plants deploy to counteract the drastic effects from irradiance stress. Although the protective and repair mechanisms seemed to be similar in most plants, many species do confer different level of tolerance toward high light.