Development of a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Infection in Fish: An Immunoinformatics Study.

infection is recognized as a disease with substantial economic losses, infecting a wide range of fish species. The limitations of current vaccines and strategies have led to the identification of new methods to control this disease. Multi-epitope vaccines which employ various immunogenic proteins can be promising.

Fatty acid alteration in liver, brain, muscle, and oocyte of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to silver nanoparticles and mitigating influence of quercetin-supplemented diet.

No to less effort has been made to assess the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to lipid composition in biological systems and also to discover a mitigating agent against their oxidative stress. Hence, this research evaluated the antioxidant capability of quercetin (Qu) against silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) toxicity towards the lipid contents of ovarian, nervous, and hepatic systems as well as skeletal muscles. To this end, zebrafish (n = 180) were assigned into four experimental dietary groups: negative and positive controls, without Qu supplementation; Qu-200, 200 mg Qu per kg diet; and Qu-400, 400 mg Qu per kg diet.

Salinity modulates biochemical and histopathological changes caused by silver nanoparticles in juvenile Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Persian sturgeon. This was evaluated by exposing Persian sturgeon to AgNPs in three salinities: freshwater (F: 0.4 ppt), brackish water 1 (B: 6 ± 0.

Perturbation of fatty acid composition, pigments, and growth indices of Chlorella vulgaris in response to silver ions and nanoparticles: A new holistic understanding of hidden ecotoxicological aspect of pollutants.

This study assesses and compares the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO) on the fatty acid composition, pigments, and growth indices of Chlorella vulgaris. Toxicity testing was carried at the estimated and/or above predicted environmental concentrations of AgNPs and AgNO. AgNO treatments impaired the population growth of C.

Oxidative Status and Digestive Histology of Barramundi Perch in Response to Different Tank Colors.

The oxidative status and intestinal and liver histology of Barramundi Perch Lates calcarifer juveniles were investigated in an experiment using different tank colors (black, red, blue, and white) over 6 weeks. It has been previously shown that background color can affect physiological processes in different species. The background colors did not cause significant differences in malondialdehyde, catalase, or glutathione S-transferase, whereas superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly higher in fish that were kept in black tanks.

Reliable collection of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) sperm using a catheter.

The traditional stripping procedure for collecting fish semen is associated with the risk of urine contamination, which may significantly affect semen quality and quantity. The use of a catheter as an alternative method for semen collection may overcome this problem. Therefore, this study compared Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) semen parameters (i.

Toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticles in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) during early life stages.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in consumer products mainly due to their antimicrobial action. The rapidly increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) has driven more attention to their possible ecotoxicological effects. In this study, the acute toxicity of colloidal AgNPs was evaluated during the embryonic stage of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) at concentrations of 0, 0.

Effectiveness of glucose-methanol extender for cryopreservation of Huso huso spermatozoa.

The present approach was designed to evaluate the methanol-glucose extender effects on sperm cryopreservation in beluga sturgeon, Huso huso. Sperm quality was examined by measuring post-thaw sperm motility and fertilizing rate at hatching stage. We first tested the effect of glucose concentration (0, 0.

Impact of human cytomegalovirus infection UL55-nested polymerase chain reaction method in hematopoietic stem cell transplant donors and recipients.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most important and critical viral causes of graft rejection among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Monitoring of this viral infection has a critical role in the management of HSCT clinical complications. In this retrospective cohort, blood (plasma and buffy coat) and urine samples were collected from 110 HSCT patients and 95 donors pretransplantation and weekly for 100 days posttransplantation.

Nitric oxide-mediated intestinal injury is required for alcohol-induced gut leakiness and liver damage.

Background: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) requires endotoxemia and is commonly associated with intestinal barrier leakiness. Using monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells as an in vitro barrier model, we showed that ethanol-induced intestinal barrier disruption is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upregulation, nitric oxide (NO) overproduction, and oxidation/nitration of cytoskeletal proteins. We hypothesized that iNOS inhibitors [NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (l-NIL)] in vivo will inhibit the above cascade and liver injury in an animal model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH).

Oats supplementation prevents alcohol-induced gut leakiness in rats by preventing alcohol-induced oxidative tissue damage.

We reported previously that oats supplementation prevents gut leakiness and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) in our rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Because oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of both alcohol-induced gut leakiness and ASH, and because oats have antioxidant properties, we tested the hypothesis that oats protect by preventing alcohol-induced oxidative damage to the intestine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged for 12 weeks with alcohol (starting dose of 1 g/kg increasing to 6 g/kg/day over the first 2 weeks) or dextrose, with or without oats supplementation (10 g/kg/day).

Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats.

Background/aims: Not all alcoholics develop liver disease (ALD). Thus, excessive ethanol consumption is necessary, but not sufficient, to induce alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and ALD. Since endotoxemia is present in patients with ALD, it has been proposed that gut-derived, circulating endotoxin is the necessary co-factor for ASH.

p-Tolyl bis-(p-tolyl-amido)phosphate.

In the title compound, C(21)H(23)N(2)O(2)P, the P atom exhibits tetra-hedral coordination; the P-N bond lengths are relatively short [1.6297 (13) and 1.6424 (13) Å].

Effect of alcohol on miR-212 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and its potential role in alcoholic liver disease.

Background And Aims: Alcohol-induced gut leakiness is a key factor in alcoholic liver disease (ALD); it allows endotoxin to enter the circulation and initiate liver damage. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) protein is a major component of tight junctions that regulates intestinal permeability. microRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered regulatory molecules that inhibit expression of their target genes.

NF-kappaB activation as a key mechanism in ethanol-induced disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton and monolayer barrier integrity in intestinal epithelium.

Intestinal barrier disruption has been implicated in several intestinal and systemic disorders including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Using monolayers of intestinal (Caco-2) cells, we showed that ethanol (EtOH) disrupts the barrier integrity via destabilization of the cytoskeleton. Because proinflammatory conditions are associated with activation of NF-kappa B (NF-kappaB), we hypothesized that EtOH induces disruption of cytoskeletal assembly and barrier integrity by activating NF-kappaB.

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and inflammatory bowel disease: emerging therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) are common, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) characterized by episodes of life-altering symptoms such as diarrhea, bleeding, fecal urgency and incontinence, abdominal pain and cramps, and fever lasting weeks to months at a time. Existing treatments are 5-aminosalicyclates or immunosuppressants, but long-term control of IBD is a major problem for a large number of patients. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a key enzyme in cell homeostasis and inflammation and its inhibition has been useful in diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Use of herbal preparations in the treatment of oxidant-mediated inflammatory disorders.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has increased in popularity in recent years and herbal therapy alone is now a billion dollar market. For centuries herbs have been used as food and for medicinal purposes. Various herbs have been identified as possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, and they are currently being used to treat inflammatory disorders as well as those caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Reduced immunostaining for c-kit receptors in mucosal mast cells in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background And Aim: The deleterious effects of stress in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been attributed to activation of the brain-gut axis (BGA) and its end effectors, mast cells (MC). We previously showed that cold pressor stress test (CPT) results in increased activation and degranulation (but not increased proliferation) of mucosal MC, mitochondrial damage to epithelial cells and mucosal protein oxidation in both healthy controls and IBD patients. These changes are more marked in IBD patients.

Evidence for non-chemical, non-electrical intercellular signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.

Synchrony between mechanically separated biological systems is well known. We posed the question: can cells induce synchronous behavior in neighboring cells which are mechanically separated and which cannot communicate via chemical or electrical mechanisms. Caco-2 cell cultures were divided into three groups.

Regulation of oxidant-induced intestinal permeability by metalloprotease-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor signaling.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects more than 1 million Americans with more than 30,000 new cases diagnosed each year. IBD increases patient morbidity and susceptibility to colorectal cancer, yet its etiology remains unknown. Current models identify two key determinants of IBD pathogenesis: hyperpermeability of the gut epithelial barrier to bacterial products and an abnormal immune response to these products.

Resolution of common dietary sugars from probe sugars for test of intestinal permeability using capillary column gas chromatography.

Background: The most widely accepted method for the evaluation of intestinal barrier integrity is the measurement of the permeation of sugar probes following an oral test dose of sugars. The most-widely used sugar probes are sucrose, lactulose, mannitol and sucralose. Measuring these sugars using a sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method, we noticed interference on the area of the lactulose and mannitol peaks.

Heightened responses to stressors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Objectives: Several studies suggest that stressful situations (stressors) worsen the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the mechanism is not known. Based on several lines of evidence, we hypothesized that psychosocial stress activates the brain-gut axis (BGA) and mucosal mast cells (MC), and activated MC produce proinflammatory cytokines. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether stressor-induced activation of BGA is exaggerated in IBD patients.

The role of protein kinase C isoforms in modulating injury and repair of the intestinal barrier.

Gastrointestinal cells express a diverse group of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms that play critical roles in a number of cell functions, including intracellular signaling and barrier integrity. PKC isoforms expressed by gastrointestinal epithelial cells consist of three major PKC subfamilies: conventional isoforms (alpha, beta1, beta2, and gamma), novel isoforms (delta, epsilon, theta, eta, and mu), and atypical isoforms (lambda, tau, and zeta). This review highlights recent discoveries, including our own, that some PKC isoforms in gastrointestinal epithelia monolayer cell culture are involved in injury to, whereas others are involved in protection of, intestinal barrier integrity.

Exposure to ethanol induces oxidative damage in the pituitary gland.

Chronic exposure of pubertal male rats to ethanol results in a decline in serum testosterone and decreased or inappropriately normal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels suggesting a functional defect in the pituitary. The molecular mechanisms behind this disorder are undefined. A role for ethanol-induced oxidative damage in the pathophysiology is supported by studies in liver, muscle, and heart of experimental animals, but there is limited evidence in the pituitary.