Simultaneous micronization and purification of bioactive fraction by supercritical antisolvent technology.

Simultaneous micronization and purification of DLBS3233 bioactive fraction, a combination of two Indonesian herbals Lagerstroemia speciosa and Cinnamomum burmannii has been successfully performed via supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) technology. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of SAS technology to micronize and reduce coumarin content of DLBS3233. The effects of four SAS process parameters, i.

Supercritical CO extraction of candlenut oil: process optimization using Taguchi orthogonal array and physicochemical properties of the oil.

A series of experiments was conducted to determine optimum conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of candlenut oil. A Taguchi experimental design with L orthogonal array (four factors in three levels) was employed to evaluate the effects of pressure of 25-35 MPa, temperature of 40-60 °C, CO flow rate of 10-20 g/min and particle size of 0.3-0.

Pharmaceutical Salts of Carvedilol: Polymorphism and Physicochemical Properties.

We report novel pharmaceutical salts of an anti-hypertensive drug carvedilol (CVD) with pharmaceutically acceptable salt formers, including oxalic acid (OXA), fumaric acid (FUMA), benzoic acid (BZA), and mandelic acid (MDA) via conventional solvent evaporation technique. The pKa difference between CVD and selected acids was greater than 3, thus suggesting salt formation. Two polymorphic forms of CVD/MDA salts and one p-Dioxane solvate of CVD/FUMA salt were also reported in this paper.

Physicochemical and mechanical properties of paracetamol cocrystal with 5-nitroisophthalic acid.

We report novel pharmaceutical cocrystal of a popular antipyretic drug paracetamol (PCA) with coformer 5-nitroisophhthalic acid (5NIP) to improve its tabletability. The cocrystal (PCA-5NIP at molar ratio of 1:1) was synthesized by solvent evaporation technique using methanol as solvent. The physicochemical properties of cocrystal were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hot stage polarized microscopy (HSPM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Optimizing oil and xanthorrhizol extraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome by supercritical carbon dioxide.

Oil and xanthorrhizol extraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome by supercritical carbon dioxide was optimized using Taguchi method. The factors considered were pressure, temperature, carbon dioxide flowrate and time at levels ranging between 10-25 MPa, 35-60 °C, 10-25 g/min and 60-240 min respectively.

Destruction of methylphosphonic acid in a supercritical water oxidation bench-scale double wall reactor.

The destruction of methylphosphonic acid (MPA), a final product by hydrolysis/neutralization of organophosphorus agents such as sarin and VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothionate), was investigated in a a bench-scale, continuous concentric vertical double wall reactor under supercritical water oxidation condition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 450-600 degrees C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidant.

Synthesis of biodiesel from rapeseed oil using supercritical methanol with metal oxide catalysts.

This study examined the synthesis of biodiesel using supercritical or subcritical methanol with metal oxide catalysts. The transesterification of rapeseed oil was carried out with the metal oxide catalysts (SrO, CaO, ZnO, TiO(2) and ZrO(2)) to determine the most effective heterogeneous catalyst having the highest catalytic activity with minimum weight loss caused by dissolution. SrO and CaO dissolved in the biodiesel during the reaction because they were transformed to strontium methoxide and calcium methoxide, respectively.

Continuous catalytic hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil.

Continuous catalytic hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the presence of transformer oils was carried out in a fixed bed reactor using a 57.6 wt% Ni on silicon oxide-aluminum oxide (SiO(2)-Al(2)O(3)) catalyst. Reaction temperatures ranging 150-300 degrees C, PCBs concentrations ranging 50-200 ppm, and reaction times ranging 1-8 h were tested.

Recycling of transformer oil contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using catalytic hydrodechlorination.

Catalytic hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the presence of transformer oil was carried out in a batch mode to detoxify PCBs and to recycle the treated oil. Various metal supported catalysts, including 0.98 wt% Pt, 0.

Supercritical water oxidation of wastewater from acrylonitrile manufacturing plant.

The wastewater from an acrylonitrile manufacturing plant, which is difficult to biodegrade, was decomposed in subcritical and supercritical water. Experiments were carried out at temperature ranging from 299 to 552 degrees C and a pressure of 25 MPa. The initial total organic carbon (TOC) of acrylonitrile wastewater was set from 0.

Pentachlorophenol oxidation rates in supercritical water.

The oxidation rate of pentachlorophenol, [C(6)HCl(5)O] which is used to control termites and as a general herbicide and also as the probable human's carcinogen, was investigated in an isothermal continuous tubular reactor under supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) conditions. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 400-550 degrees C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 6 s to 26 s. The conversion of PCP was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) on the liquid effluent samples.

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition.

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol (PCP, C6HCl5O), as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 300-420 degrees C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.

Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters: a review.

The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.

Destruction of chemical agent simulants in a supercritical water oxidation bench-scale reactor.

A new design of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) bench-scale reactor has been developed to handle high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization. The reactor consists of a concentric vertical double wall in which SCWO reaction takes place inside an inner tube (titanium grade 2, non-porous) whereas pressure resistance is ensured by a Hastelloy C-276 external vessel. The performances of this reactor were investigated with two different kinds of chemical warfare agent simulants: OPA (a mixture of isopropyl amine and isopropyl alcohol) as the binary precursor for nerve agent of sarin and thiodiglycol [TDG, (HOC(2)H(4))2S] as the model organic sulfur heteroatom.

Destruction of OPA from munitions demilitarization in supercritical water oxidation: kinetics of total organic carbon disappearance.

The destruction of OPA from munitions demilitarization has been accomplished in supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) with oxygen as oxidant in an isothermal continuous-flow reactor. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 689-887 K and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 7 s to 14 s. The destruction efficiency was measured by total organic carbon (TOC) conversion.

Decomposition kinetics of dimethyl methylphospate (chemical agent simulant) by supercritical water oxidation.

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been drawing much attention due to effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical. An important design consideration in the development of supercritical water oxidation is the information of decomposition rate. In this paper, the decomposition rate of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), which is similar to the nerve agent VX and GB (Sarin) in its structure, was investigated under SCWO conditions.

OPA oxidation rates in supercritical water.

Supercritical water oxidation can effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical. An important design consideration in the development of supercritical water oxidation is the information on the oxidation rate. In this paper, the oxidation rate of isopropyl amine (OPA), one of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization, was investigated under supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) conditions in an isothermal tubular reactor.