The roles of energy, natural resources, agriculture and regional integration on CO emissions in selected countries of ASEAN: does political constraint matter?

This paper empirically examines the effects of energy, natural resources, agriculture, political constraint and regional integration on CO emissions in four ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries of Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. We distinguish between renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption to see their individual impacts on CO emissions. The study employed a panel data from 1990 to 2019 derived from sources such as World Development Indicators, which were then analysed using Common-Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimates.