Autoimmunity in thymic epithelial tumors: a not yet clarified pathologic paradigm associated with several unmet clinical needs.

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare mediastinal cancers originating from the thymus, classified in two main histotypes: thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC). TETs affect a primary lymphoid organ playing a critical role in keeping T-cell homeostasis and ensuring an adequate immunological tolerance against "self". In particular, thymomas and not TC are frequently associated with autoimmune diseases (ADs), with Myasthenia Gravis being the most common AD present in 30% of patients with thymoma.

Expansion of memory Vδ2 T cells following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination revealed by temporal single-cell transcriptomics.

γδ T cells provide rapid cellular immunity against pathogens. Here, we conducted matched single-cell RNA-sequencing and γδ-TCR-sequencing to delineate the molecular changes in γδ T cells during a longitudinal study following mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. While the first dose of vaccine primes Vδ2 T cells, it is the second administration that significantly boosts their immune response.

Predictive epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters in the diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

The aim of this study is to determine predictive parameters that can be used in the differential diagnosis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and other diseases with similar clinical and laboratory findings. In this study, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters of 107 CCHF-positive and 71 CCHF-negative patients were compared. Alanine amino transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in CCHF-positive patients, whereas total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin time, international normalization ratio, white blood cell, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were higher in CCHF-negative patients.

The prognostic effect of the systemic immune-inflammation index on overall survival of periampullary cancer.

Objective: The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is used to assess survival in many cancers. SII has been examined separately in pancreatic head, ampulla, and distal choledochus cancers, and different cut-off values were found. Detecting the location of periampullary cancer before surgery may be difficult or misleading.

Perioperative corticosteroid treatment impairs tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in patients with newly diagnosed adult-type diffuse gliomas.

Introduction: Adult-type diffuse gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors characterized by very poor prognosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key in priming antitumor effector functions in cancer, but their role in gliomas remains poorly understood.

Methods: In this study, we characterized tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) in adult patients with newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas by using multi-parametric flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing.

Self-reported antibiotic stewardship and infection control measures from 57 intensive care units: An international ID-IRI survey.

We explored the self-reported antibiotic stewardship (AS), and infection prevention and control (IPC) activities in intensive care units (ICUs) of different income settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire to collect data about IPC and AS measures in participating ICUs. The study participants were Infectious Diseases-International Research Initiative (IDI-IR) members, committed as per their institutional agreement form.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Differential Diagnosis During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic.

Objective: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a disease of the viral hemorrhagic fever group and is endemic in certain regions in Turkey. Here, the demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with CCHF during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic were examined, and differential diagnosis was stressed.

Methods: This study comprised 12 patients over the age of 18 who were admitted to our clinic after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020 and whose CCHF diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with viral-RNA or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with immunoglobulin M antibodies.

Pentraxin-3: A Novel Marker for Indicating Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients?

Background/aims: PTX-3 is an important marker that plays a role in suppressing inflammation and tissue repair. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of PTX-3 in CHB patients and the relationship between PTX-3 levels and fibrosis.

Materials And Methods: A total of 52 CHB patients and 40 healthy subjects were included in the study.

Defining Transcriptional Signatures of Human Hair Follicle Cell States.

The epidermis and its appendage, the hair follicle, represent an elegant developmental system in which cells are replenished with regularity because of controlled proliferation, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation. Although transcriptome data exists for human epidermal and dermal cells, the hair follicle remains poorly characterized. Through single-cell resolution profiling of the epidermis and anagen hair follicle, we characterized the anatomical, transcriptional, functional, and pathological profiles of distinct epidermal, hair follicle, and hair follicle-associated cell subpopulations including melanocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells.

IL-1β Induces the Rapid Secretion of the Antimicrobial Protein IL-26 from Th17 Cells.

Th17 cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response against extracellular bacteria, and the possible mechanisms by which they can protect against infection are of particular interest. In this study, we describe, to our knowledge, a novel IL-1β dependent pathway for secretion of the antimicrobial peptide IL-26 from human Th17 cells that is independent of and more rapid than classical TCR activation. We find that IL-26 is secreted 3 hours after treating PBMCs with as compared with 48 hours for IFN-γ and IL-17A.

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Eastern Turkey: Epidemiological and Clinical Evaluation.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in patients hospitalized in our hospital.

Methods: A total of 61 adult patients who were diagnosed as having CCHF between January 2011 and August 2018, in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by detecting virus-specific IgM by ELISA and/or by showing viral RNA by RT-PCR and who were managed at our clinic were evaluated retrospectively for their epidemiological and clinical findings, treatment and prognosis.

Results: Of the 61 cases, 41 (67.

Geriatric urinary tract infections: The value of laboratory parameters in estimating the need for bacteremia and Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: We investigated the geriatric patients diagnosed as urinary tract infection and evaluated the effects of white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil count, platelet, mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatine, albumin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio parameters on estimating the need for bacteremia and intensive care (IC) for the patients with pyelonephritis.

Methods: Between 2016-2017, a total number of 188 patients aged 65 years and above were retrospectively evaluated at the infectious diseases clinic.

Results: The 124 (66%) of the patients were male and 64 (34%) were female.

The predictive role of haematological parameters in the diagnosis of osteoarticular brucellosis.

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonosis that affects several systems, especially with the osteoarticular involvement.

Objectives: This study aims to compare the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution (RDW) in patients with the osteoarticular involvement and those with non-localised brucellosis and evaluate their predictive value for the diagnosis of osteoarticular brucellosis.

Methods: We enrolled 140 patients with brucellosis, 70 with the osteoarticular involvement and 70 without any localised involvement.

Clinical evaluation of negative-pressure wound therapy in the management of electrical burns.

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the treatment of the patients with electrical burns.

Methods: This study was retrospectively performed using a database placed prospectively in the burn center of our hospital. All consecutive patients with electrical burns treated using NPWT at our center between August 2008 and December 2012 were included.

Human antimicrobial cytotoxic T lymphocytes, defined by NK receptors and antimicrobial proteins, kill intracellular bacteria.

Human CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to antimicrobial defense against intracellular pathogens through secretion of cytotoxic granule proteins granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin. However, CTLs are heterogeneous in the expression of these proteins, and the subset(s) responsible for antimicrobial activity is unclear. Studying human leprosy, we found that the subset of CTLs coexpressing all three cytotoxic molecules is increased in the resistant form of the disease, can be expanded by interleukin-15 (IL-15), and is differentiated from naïve CD8 T cells by Langerhans cells.

Mycoplasma-induced pustulosis with perifollicular involvement.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM) is a disease characterized by mucosal involvement with variable cutaneous manifestations induced by M. pneumoniae infection. Previously reported rash morphologies include vesiculobullous, targetoid, papular, macular, and morbilliform lesions.

The mutable vaccine for mutable viruses.

Mutable viruses, such as HIV, pose difficult obstacles to prevention and/or control by vaccination. Mutable viruses rapidly diversify in populations and in individuals, impeding development of effective vaccines. We devised the 'mutable vaccine' to appropriate the properties of mutable viruses that undermine conventional strategies.

C3d regulates immune checkpoint blockade and enhances antitumor immunity.

Despite expression of immunogenic polypeptides, tumors escape immune surveillance by engaging T cell checkpoint regulators and expanding Tregs, among other mechanisms. What orchestrates these controls is unknown. We report that free C3d, a fragment of the third component of complement, inside tumor cells - or associated with irradiated tumor cells and unattached to antigen - recruits, accelerates, and amplifies antitumor T cell responses, allowing immunity to reverse or even to prevent tumor growth.

Tuberculous pericarditis: a case report.

Pericardial effusion is common disease and difficult to diagnose. Tuberculosis accounts for up to 4% of acute pericarditis and 7% of cardiac tamponade cases. Quick treatment can be lifesaving but requires accurate diagnosis.