Understanding the development of tuberculous granulomas: insights into host protection and pathogenesis, a review in humans and animals.

Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells which form in response to (), are characteristic but not exclusive of tuberculosis (TB). Despite existing investigations on TB granulomas, the determinants that differentiate host-protective granulomas from granulomas that contribute to TB pathogenesis are often disputed. Thus, the goal of this narrative review is to help clarify the existing literature on such determinants.

Hybrid closed-loop systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and economic modelling.

Background: Hybrid closed-loop systems are a new class of technology to manage type 1 diabetes mellitus. The system includes a combination of real-time continuous glucose monitoring from a continuous glucose monitoring device and a control algorithm to direct insulin delivery through an insulin pump. Evidence suggests that such technologies have the potential to improve the lives of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families.

An ultra-early, transient interferon-associated innate immune response associates with protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection despite exposure.

Background: A proportion of individuals exposed to respiratory viruses avoid contracting detectable infection. We tested the hypothesis that early innate immune responses associate with resistance to detectable infection in close contacts of COVID-19 cases.

Methods: 48 recently-exposed household contacts of symptomatic COVID-19 cases were recruited in London, UK between May 2020 and March 2021 through a prospective, longitudinal observational study.

Stability of performance monitoring with prolonged task performance: A study of error-related negativity and error positivity.

The use of forced-choice response tasks to study indices of performance monitoring, such as the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), is common, and such tasks are often used as a part of larger batteries in experimental research. ERN amplitude typically decreases over the course of a single task, but it is unclear whether amplitude changes persist beyond a single task or whether Pe amplitude changes over time. This preregistered study examined how prolonged task performance affects ERN and Pe amplitude across two study batteries, each with three different tasks.

Backtranslation of human RNA biosignatures of tuberculosis disease risk into the preclinical pipeline is condition dependent.

Unlabelled: It is unclear whether human progression to active tuberculosis disease (TB) risk signatures are viable endpoint criteria for evaluations of treatments in development. TB is the deadliest infectious disease globally and more efficacious vaccines are needed to reduce this mortality. However, the immune correlates of protection for either preventing infection with or preventing TB disease have yet to be completely defined, making the advancement of candidate vaccines through the pipeline slow, costly, and fraught with risk.

The chosen few: isolates for IMPAc-TB.

The three programs that make up the Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Centers (IMPAc-TB) had to prioritize and select strains to be leveraged for this work. The CASCADE team based at Seattle Children's Research Institute are leveraging M.tb H37Rv, M.

Assessing in-session rumination during CBT for depression: Replication and further evaluation of an observational measure.

This study sought to further evaluate an observational measure of rumination that occurs during psychotherapy (i.e., in-session rumination).

Visual Integration of Genome-Wide Association Studies and Differential Expression Results with the Hidecan R Package.

Background/objectives: We present hidecan, an R package for generating visualisations that summarise the results of one or more genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and differential expression analyses, as well as manually curated candidate genes, e.g., extracted from the literature.

Antibodies as key mediators of protection against .

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with the bacterial pathogen (M.tb) in the respiratory tract. There was an estimated 10.

A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Disruptions in Heart Rate Variability.

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a common sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a specific measure of autonomic nervous system functioning that can be used to measure beat-to-beat changes in heart rate following TBI. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the state of the literature on HRV dysfunction following TBI, assess the level of support for HRV dysfunction following TBI, and determine if HRV dysfunction predicts mortality and the severity and subsequent recovery of TBI symptoms.

Task-specific relationships between error-related ERPs and behavior: Flanker, Stroop, and Go/Nogo tasks.

Performance monitoring has been widely studied during different forced-choice response tasks. Participants typically show longer response times (RTs) and increased accuracy following errors, but there are inconsistencies regarding the connection between error-related event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavior, such as RT and accuracy. The specific task in any given study could contribute to these inconsistencies, as different tasks may require distinct cognitive processes that impact ERP-behavior relationships.

Protective interplay: diminishes SARS-CoV-2 severity through innate immune priming.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic those with underlying chronic lung conditions, including tuberculosis (TB), were hypothesized to be at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. However, there is inconclusive clinical and preclinical data to confirm the specific risk SARS-CoV-2 poses for the millions of individuals infected with (M.tb).

Backtranslation of human RNA biosignatures of tuberculosis disease risk into the preclinical pipeline is condition dependent.

Unlabelled: It is not clear whether human progression to active tuberculosis disease (TB) risk signatures are viable endpoint criteria for evaluations of treatments in clinical or preclinical development. TB is the deadliest infectious disease globally and more efficacious vaccines are needed to reduce this mortality. However, the immune correlates of protection for either preventing infection with or preventing TB disease have yet to be completely defined, making the advancement of candidate vaccines through the pipeline slow, costly, and fraught with risk.

Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in people with and without intellectual disabilities: A naturalistic case control study.

Introduction: People with Intellectual Disabilities (PwID) are twenty times more likely than general population to have epilepsy. Guidance for prescribing antiseizure medication (ASM) to PwID is driven by trials excluding them. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a first-line ASM in the UK.

Molecular breeding of flower load related traits in dioecious autotetraploid .

Unlabelled: Flowering plants exhibit a wide range of sexual reproduction systems, with the majority being hermaphroditic. However, some plants, such as (kiwiberry), have evolved into dioecious species with distinct female and male vines. In this study, we investigated the flower load and growth habits of female kiwiberry genotypes to identify the genetic basis of high yield with low maintenance requirements.

A registered report of a two-site study of variations of the flanker task: ERN experimental effects and data quality.

Error-related negativity is a widely used measure of error monitoring, and many projects are independently moving ERN recorded during a flanker task toward standardization, optimization, and eventual clinical application. However, each project uses a different version of the flanker task and tacitly assumes ERN is functionally equivalent across each version. The routine neglect of a rigorous test of this assumption undermines efforts to integrate ERN findings across tasks, optimize and standardize ERN assessment, and widely apply ERN in clinical trials.

Visible-light-mediated Diels-Alder reactions under single-chain polymer confinement: investigating the role of the crosslinking moiety on catalyst activity.

Macromolecular scaffolds are rapidly emerging in catalysis owing to the ability to control catalyst placement at precise locations. This spatial proximity allows for enhanced catalyst activity that may not be observed using small molecules. Herein, we describe a triphenylpyrylium (TPT)-based visible-light active single-chain polymer nanoparticle (SCNP) that facilitates the radical cation [4 + 2]-cycloaddition.

The complete genome sequence of unculturable obtained through clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

Introduction: Diagnosing poses challenges, and it's unclear if its rare isolation is due to infrequent occurrence or its fastidious nutritional requirements.

Methods: This study analyzes the complete genome sequence of , obtained directly from the pus of a sternum infection in a lung transplant patient using metagenomic sequencing.

Results: Genome analysis revealed limited therapeutic options for the infection, primarily susceptibility to tetracyclines.

Investigating cognitive and motivational proximal outcomes in a randomized clinical trial of writing about the future self to reduce drinking.

Background: Drinking identity (the extent to which one links the self with drinking alcohol) is a unique risk factor for college students' hazardous drinking that is not directly targeted by existing interventions. We conducted a study that aimed to decrease drinking identity among college students with hazardous drinking. We adapted a writing task about the future self and tested whether three writing sessions could decrease drinking identity and change drinking.

Is informal practice associated with outcomes in loving-kindness and compassion training? Evidence from pre-post and daily diary assessments.

We investigated whether informal meditation practice (i.e., self-reported application of meditative techniques outside a period of formal meditation) was associated with outcomes in smartphone-based loving-kindness and compassion training.

Quantifying collective motion patterns in mesenchymal cell populations using topological data analysis and agent-based modeling.

Fibroblasts in a confluent monolayer are known to adopt elongated morphologies in which cells are oriented parallel to their neighbors. We collected and analyzed new microscopy movies to show that confluent fibroblasts are motile and that neighboring cells often move in anti-parallel directions in a collective motion phenomenon we refer to as "fluidization" of the cell population. We used machine learning to perform cell tracking for each movie and then leveraged topological data analysis (TDA) to show that time-varying point-clouds generated by the tracks contain significant topological information content that is driven by fluidization, i.

Developing a versatile tool for studying kinetics of Selenate-Se removal from aqueous solution using a chemostat bioreactor.

Understanding the impact of various parameters on the kinetics of dissolved selenium (Se) removal in bioreactors can be a challenging task, primarily due to the mass transfer limitations inherent in bioreactors employing attached growth configurations. This study successfully established a proof-of-concept for the efficient removal of Se from aqueous solutions using a chemostat bioreactor that relies solely on suspended growth. The research investigated the effect of selenate-Se feed concentrations under two distinct Se concentration conditions.

Registered replication report of the construct validity of the error-related negativity (ERN): A multi-site study of task-specific ERN correlations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Intact cognitive control is critical for goal-directed behavior and is widely studied using the error-related negativity (ERN). A common assumption in such studies is that ERNs recorded during different experimental paradigms reflect the same construct or functionally equivalent processes and that ERN is functionally distinct from other error-monitoring event-related brain potentials (ERPs; error positivity [Pe]), other neurophysiological indices of cognitive control (N2), and even other theoretically unrelated indices (visual N1). The present registered report represents a replication-plus-extension study of the psychometric validity of cognitive control ERPs and evaluated the convergent and divergent validity of ERN, Pe, N2, and visual N1 recorded during flanker, Stroop, and Go/no-go tasks.

Ames test study designs for nitrosamine mutagenicity testing: qualitative and quantitative analysis of key assay parameters.

The robust control of genotoxic N-nitrosamine (NA) impurities is an important safety consideration for the pharmaceutical industry, especially considering recent drug product withdrawals. NAs belong to the 'cohort of concern' list of genotoxic impurities (ICH M7) because of the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of this chemical class. In addition, regulatory concerns exist regarding the capacity of the Ames test to predict the carcinogenic potential of NAs because of historically discordant results.

The selection of statistical models for reporting count outcomes and intervention effects in brief alcohol intervention trials: A review and recommendations.

Understanding the efficacy and relative effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention (BAI) relies on obtaining a credible intervention effect estimate. Outcomes in BAI trials are often count variables, such as the number of drinks consumed, which may be overdispersed (i.e.