Bacterial ecology and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of isolated resistant strains from diabetic foot infections in the north west of Algeria.

Background: In front of the polymorphic bacterial ecology and antibiotic resistance in diabetic patients with foot infections and good patient care, collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists is needed to improve assessment and management of patients with this pathology.

Objective: This study was designed to characterize the bacterial ecology of diabetic foot infection (DFIs) and to determine the different mechanisms of resistance involved.

Methods: In this study bacterial strains and antibiotic resistance profiles were determined from diabetic foot infections patients ( = 117).

MexXY Multidrug Efflux System Is More Frequently Overexpressed in Ciprofloxacin Resistant French Clinical Isolates Compared to Hospital Environment Ones.

Modulation of the membrane permeability through a decrease in porin-mediated antibiotic entry and/or an increase in antibiotic efflux is one of the resistance mechanisms to antibiotics evolved by Gram-negative bacteria. To assess whether the outer membrane porin OprD and Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps were similarly expressed in 33 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical strains of and in 30 non-clinical strains originating from the hospital environment (mainly waterborne ), the expression of , , , and genes was investigated. Overall, the expression of was not detected by RT-qPCR in 14 (22%) strains and underexpressed in 35 (56%) more.