Active Direction: A new observational measure of African American parenting.

A new observational measure of a culturally salient, supportive African American parenting style, Active Direction, was developed. Ratings were compared to standard qualitative ratings and across two ethnic groups. Active Direction represents the provision of structure to interactions in the form of corrective direction with clear and concise feedback that is assessed for supportiveness rather than simple content or tone.

Targeting Peer Contagion Dynamics in Children with ADHD: Effects from a Two-Site Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Parental Friendship Coaching (PFC) teaches parents to coach their children in friendship skills. This paper examines whether PFC fosters positive peer contagion processes (i.e.

Temporal Relationships Between Nursing Home Staff Care Approaches and Behaviors of Residents With Dementia During Mealtimes: A Sequential Analysis.

Background And Objectives: Optimal dyadic interactions are critical to quality mealtime care and outcomes. Prior work supports associative relationships between staff approaches and individual mealtime behaviors, yet evidence on temporal relationships is limited. This study examined temporal associations between staff approaches and resident behaviors during mealtimes.

Longitudinal Structural and Diffusion-Weighted Neuroimaging of Young Children Born Preterm.

Background: Children born preterm are at risk for diffuse injury to subcortical gray and white matter.

Methods: We used a longitudinal cohort study to examine the development of subcortical gray matter and white matter volumes, and diffusivity measures of white matter tracts following preterm birth. Our participants were 47 children born preterm (24 to 32 weeks gestational age) and 28 children born at term.

Modeling the effects of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training for police officers: How knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy drive de-escalation skills and referral decisions.

Objective: Prior research on Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training for police officers has demonstrated improvements in knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and stigma, but how these factors work together to influence behavioral outcomes like de-escalation skills and referral decisions remains unstudied.

Method: 251 CIT-trained and 335 non-CIT officers completed in-depth surveys measuring these six constructs. We used structural equation modeling to test fit of the data to our hypothesized model and made indicated changes to improve fit.

KappaAcc: A program for assessing the adequacy of kappa.

Categorical cutpoints used to assess the adequacy of various statistics-like small, medium, and large for correlation coefficients of .10, .30, and .

Continuity and Stability of Parenting of Infants by Women at Risk for Perinatal Depression.

Objective: The present study aimed to enhance understanding of continuity and stability of positive parenting of infants, across age and different settings in women with a history of depression who are at elevated risk for postpartum depression.

Design: Mothers ( = 103) with a history of major depression and their infants were observed during 5-min play and feeding interactions when their infants were 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Summary scores representing mothers' positive parenting were computed separately for each age and context based on ratings of five parenting behaviors.

Peer contagion dynamics in the friendships of children with ADHD.

Background: Friendships in middle childhood carry high developmental significance. The majority of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have few friendships, unstable friendships, or poor relationship quality in any friendships they have. The current study used time-window sequential analysis to map the dynamics within the friendships of children with ADHD, specifically the peer contagion processes of dyadic mutuality and coercive joining.

John Lamont Peterson (1949-2021).

Memorializes John Lamont Peterson (1949-2021). After teaching at Claremont's McKenna College and Graduate School in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and realizing in particular the growing impact of the early AIDS epidemic on African American men, Dr. Peterson joined the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), a key program of the AIDS Research Institute at the University of California, San Francisco, where he served as a Research Scientist from 1986 to 1993.

A Longitudinal Study of Language Use During Early Mother-Child Interactions in Spanish-Speaking Families Experiencing Low Income.

Purpose: This longitudinal study assessed continuity and stability of productive language (vocabulary and grammar) and discourse features (turn-taking; asking and responding to questions) during mother-child play.

Method: Parent-child language use in 119 Spanish-speaking, Mexican immigrant mothers and their children at two ages ( = 2.5 and 3.

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand How Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training Facilitates Police Officers' Mental Health Referrals.

The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that behaviors are predicted by one's intention to perform them; intention is driven by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. We used this theory to predict Crisis Intervention Team (CIT)-trained and non-CIT officers' intention to facilitate referral of persons with suspected mental illnesses to mental health services. CIT-trained (n = 251) and non-CIT (n = 335) officers from six law enforcement agencies participated.

Culture, parenting, and language: Respeto in Latine mother-child interactions.

The cultural value of (respect) is central to Latine parenting. Yet, how respeto manifests in the interactions of Latine parents and their young children remains unexamined. Low-income Mexican immigrant Spanish-speaking mothers and their 2.

The Quality of Mother-Toddler Communication Predicts Language and Early Literacy in Mexican-American Children from Low-Income Households.

This longitudinal study documents the key role of early joint engagement in the language and early literacy development of Mexican-American children from low-income households. This rapidly growing population often faces challenges as sequential Spanish-English language learners. Videos of 121 mothers and their 2.

Auditory joint attention skills: Development and diagnostic differences during infancy.

To date, joint attention skill assessments have focused on children's responses to multimodal bids (RJA) and their initiation of bids (IJA) to multimodal spectacles. Here we gain a systematic view of auditory joint attention skills using a novel assessment that measures both auditory and multimodal RJA and IJA. In Study 1, 47 typically developing (TD) children were tested 5 times from 12 to 30 months to document auditory joint attention skill development.

Self-regulation task in young school age children born preterm: Correlation with early academic achievement.

Background: Children born preterm are at risk for difficulties in executive function (EF), however there are limited tools to assess EF in young children and it is not fully understood how these early deficits are related to emerging academic skills.

Aims: To examine (a) early EF differences in young children born preterm, (b) how a measure of behavioral self-regulation correlates with other measures of EF in children born preterm, and (c) how this measure relates to academic outcomes in children born preterm.

Study Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Beyond talk: Contributions of quantity and quality of communication to language success across socioeconomic strata.

Infants from low-socioeconomic status (SES) households hear a projected 30 million fewer words than their higher-SES peers. In a recent study, Hirsh-Pasek et al. (Psychological Science, 2015; 26: 1071) found that in a low-income sample, fluency and connectedness in exchanges between caregivers and toddlers predicted child language a year later over and above quantity of talk (Hirsh-Pasek et al.

Autism Adversely Affects Auditory Joint Engagement During Parent-toddler Interactions.

This study documents the early adverse effects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on auditory joint engagement-the sharing of sounds during interactions. A total of 141 toddlers (49 typically developing [TD], 46 with ASD, and 46 with non-ASD developmental disorders [DD]; average age 22.6 months) were observed during a semi-naturalistic play session with a parent.

Cognitive functions mediate the effect of preterm birth on mathematics skills in young children.

Children born preterm are at risk for cognitive deficits and lower academic achievement. Notably, mathematics achievement is generally most affected. Here, we investigated the cognitive functions mediating early mathematics skills and how these are impacted by preterm birth.

Interobserver reliability in clinical research: Current issues and discussion of how to establish best practices.

The study of a wide range of topics covered by clinical research studies relies on data obtained by observational measures. These include observations of individuals (adults, children, but could also be animals), couples, parents and their child(ren), or groups observed for varying amounts of time in settings that range from naturalistic to structured. Data from observations, whether expressed affect, behavior, or verbalizations, are typically rated or coded.

Intervention focus moderates the association between initial receptive language and language outcomes for toddlers with developmental delay.

This ex-post facto study reanalyzed data from Romski et al. to examine whether intervention focus moderated the relationship between pre-intervention standardized measures of receptive language and post-intervention standardized measures of receptive and expressive language age and observations of expressive target vocabulary size. In all, 62 toddlers with developmental delay were randomly assigned to augmented communication-input (AC-I), augmented communication-output (AC-O), or spoken communication (SC) interventions.

Community-Based, Caregiver-Implemented Early Language Intervention in High-Risk Families: Lessons Learned.

Background: High-quality, early caregiver-child interaction facilitates language, cognitive, and health outcomes. Children in low socioeconomic status households experience less frequent and lower-quality language interactions on average than their middle to high socioeconomic status peers. Early caregiver-implemented intervention may help to improve outcomes for these children.

Associations Between Two Domains of Social Adversity and Recovery Among Persons with Serious Mental Illnesses Being Treated in Community Mental Health Centers.

As mental health services are increasingly embracing the recovery model, we conducted a study to better understand how social adversity impacts recovery. We also examined how associations between social adversity and recovery are influenced (moderated or mediated) by symptom severity. Data on seven social adversity measures, eight recovery measures, and symptom severity were collected from 300 English-speaking participants, ages 18-65 years, with a diagnosis of a psychotic or mood disorder, from five community mental health agencies in diverse neighborhoods in Washington, D.

Sharing sounds: The development of auditory joint engagement during early parent-child interaction.

Joint engagement-the sharing of events during social interactions-is an important context for early learning. To date, sharing topics that are only heard has not been systematically documented. To describe the development of auditory joint engagement, 48 child-parent dyads were observed 5 times from 12 to 30 months during seminaturalistic play.

Developmental differentiation of executive functions on the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery.

Objective: The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) is a brief computerized method for evaluating neuropsychological functions in children, adolescents, and adults. We examined how performance on the 2 executive function measures of cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control was related to performance on the other NTCB measures across development.

Method: Participants were 1,020 typically developing individuals between the ages of 3 and 21 from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study who were divided into 5 age groups (3-6, 7-9, 10-13, 14-17, and 18-21).