Patterns of Macular Edema in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Diagnosed by Optical Coherence Tomography.

Introduction: Branch Retinal vein occlusion is the most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy in elderly populations.

Objectives: To describe morphological patterns of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion using optical coherence tomography.

Materials And Methods: It is a hospital based; descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence System for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening in Nepal and Mongolia.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a deep learning (DL) algorithm for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in Nepal and Mongolia.

Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data.

Participants: Clinical information and fundus images were obtained from infants in 2 ROP screening programs in Nepal and Mongolia.

Trend of Intravitreal Bevacizumab Dispensing Technique in Nepal.

Introduction: The main purpose of this survey was to find out what technique for bevacizumab injection is practiced by ophthalmologists in Nepal and to evaluate which is the best technique of drug dispensing and what possible hindrances are there in following it.

Materials And Methods: This was an online survey using google forms.

Results: There were a total of 34 participants in the survey.

External Validation of a Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening Model Using Artificial Intelligence in 3 Low- and Middle-Income Populations.

Importance: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of preventable blindness that disproportionately affects children born in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In-person and telemedical screening examinations can reduce this risk but are challenging to implement in LMICs owing to the multitude of at-risk infants and lack of trained ophthalmologists.

Objective: To implement an ROP risk model using retinal images from a single baseline examination to identify infants who will develop treatment-requiring (TR)-ROP in LMIC telemedicine programs.

Validation of smartphone-based screening for retinopathy of prematurity in a low-resource setting.

Purpose: To study the validity of smartphone-based screening to detect moderate-to-severe levels of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a low-resource setting.

Methods: In this observational validation study, all new patients at a single center who met screening criteria for ROP (birth weight of ≤1700 g and gestational age of ≤35 weeks) were examined by a pediatric ophthalmologist using indirect ophthalmoscopy. At the first ROP examination, a trained photographer captured fundus images using a smartphone fitted on an adapter, the Paxos Scope.

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells.

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects.

Deep Learning for the Diagnosis of Stage in Retinopathy of Prematurity: Accuracy and Generalizability across Populations and Cameras.

Purpose: Stage is an important feature to identify in retinal images of infants at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The purpose of this study was to implement a convolutional neural network (CNN) for binary detection of stages 1, 2, and 3 in ROP and to evaluate its generalizability across different populations and camera systems.

Design: Diagnostic validation study of CNN for stage detection.

Agreement and Diagnostic Test Accuracy on Grading Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Photographs by Allied Medical Personnel at a Community Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in Nepal.

: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to assess the agreement and diagnostic test accuracy of DR grading using fundus photographs by the allied medical personnel (AMP) as compared to ophthalmologist at DR screening program.: Two 45 degree disc-centred and macula centred fundus photographs captured using digital fundus camera from 1344 eyes were graded by six AMP twice at three months and six months of training.

Agreement on Grading Retinal Findings of Patients with Diabetes Using Fundus Photographs by Allied Medical Personnel when Compared to an Ophthalmologist at a Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in Nepal.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the emerging cause of blindness in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of grading retinal findings of patients with diabetes using fundus photographs by allied medical personnel (AMP) when compared to an ophthalmologist.

Materials And Methods: Six AMPs were enrolled for grading fundus photographs of patients with diabetes after three and six months of training twice at two weeks interval.

Inherited Macular Dystrophies in a Tertiary Care Centre.

Background: Inherited macular dystrophies constitute a group of diseases characterized by bilateral central visual loss with symmetrical macular abnormalities usually presenting in the first two decades of life. The aim of this study were to find out the demographic characteristics and disease pattern of inherited retinal dystrophies in subjects attending retina outpatient department in a tertiary care center.

Methods: An observational study among twenty-six participants diagnosed as macular dystrophy visiting a tertiary care centre in Nepal, during January 2018 to June 2018 were included in the study.

A Study on Pattern of Retinal Detachment in Patients with Choroidal Coloboma and Its Outcome after Surgery at a Tertiary Eye Hospital in Nepal.

Background: To review the pattern of retinal detachment (RD) in patients with choroidal coloboma and type of reattachment surgery performed and to study its outcome in terms of retinal reattachment, visual acuity, and postsurgical complications.

Methods: Observational case series of a single tertiary eye institution of 13 eyes having choroidal coloboma with RD done from January 2015 to June 2017.

Results: Mean age of presentation was 29.

Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study.

Background: This study aims to explore the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness focused on retinal disease in a population above 60 years in Nepal.

Methods: Two thousand one hundred subjects were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study. History, presenting and best corrected visual acuity after subjective refraction, anterior and posterior segment examinations was obtained in detail.

Acute Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injections at The Tertiary Centre in Nepal.

Introduction: There are many reports of endophthalmitis following Anti- VEG F use in developed countries and from India, but there are none from Nepal yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report the prevalence and management of acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab.

Methods: This is a clinical, retrospective, non-comparative study, performed in Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal from Jan 2015 till Dec 2016.

Clinical characteristics and visual outcome, prognostic factor, visual acuity and globe survival in posterior segment intraocular foreign body at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To evaluate clinical characteristics, visual outcomes and globe survival after intraocular foreign body removal from posterior segment via pars plana approach.

Methods: A hospital based retrospective study. All the patients of penetrating eye injury with intraocular foreign body in posterior segment as detected by computed tomography were enrolled from 2012 to 2014.

Agreement on diabetic retinopathy grading in fundus photographs by allied ophthalmic personnel as compared to ophthalmologist at a community setting in Nepal.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the emerging cause of blindness in the developing world. Timely detection of DR could save vision from its avoidable blinding condition.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of DR grading in fundus photographs by the allied ophthalmic personnel (AOP) as compared to ophthalmologist at a community setting in Nepal.

Prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study.

Background: This study aims to explore the prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in an elderly population of Nepal.

Method: One thousand eight hundred sixty subjects of age 60 years and above were enrolled in a population-based, cross-sectional study. Detailed history, visual acuity, anterior segment and posterior segment examinations were done.

Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses.

Cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane are considered to play a major role in the enveloped virus lifecycle. However, the functional role of cholesterol in assembly, infectivity and stability of respiratory RNA viruses is not fully understood. We previously reported that depletion of cellular cholesterol by cholesterol-reducing agents decreased production of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) particles by inhibiting virus assembly.

Prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in an elderly population in Nepal.

Subjects And Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study. A sample size of 2,100 was calculated.

Rescue of Sendai Virus from Cloned cDNA.

Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-segment negative-sense RNA virus that naturally infects and causes pneumonia in mice. As a prototypic member of the family Paramyxoviridae, SeV has been characterized well, and these studies revealed numerous traits of paramyxovirus biology. The reverse genetics system to rescue SeV was first established in 1995.

Anatomical and visual outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with diabetic macular edema.

Background: Intravitreal bevacizumab has been shown to be an effective treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Objective: To assess the anatomical and visual outcome of intravitrealbevacizumab (Avastin) in patients of diabetic macular edema.

Materials And Methods: 52 eyes of 33 patients with diabetic retinopathy with CSME were included in this study.

Cholesterol reducing agents inhibit assembly of type I parainfluenza viruses.

Many enveloped RNA viruses utilize lipid rafts for the assembly of progeny virions, but the role of cholesterol, a major component of rafts, on paramyxovirus budding and virion formation is controversial. In this study, we analyzed the effects of FDA-approved cholesterol-reducing agents, gemfibrozil and lovastatin, on raft formation and assembly of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and Sendai virus (SeV). Treatment of the human airway epithelial A549 cells with the agents, especially when combined, significantly decreased production of infectious hPIV1 and SeV.

Intra- and inter-rater agreement between an ophthalmologist and mid-level ophthalmic personnel to diagnose retinal diseases based on fundus photographs at a primary eye center in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Background: Early detection can reduce irreversible blindness from retinal diseases. This study aims to assess the intra- and inter-rater agreement of retinal pathologies observed on fundus photographs between an ophthalmologist and two-mid level ophthalmic personnel (MLOPs).

Method: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among subjects 60 years and above in the Bhaktapur district of Nepal.

Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy in the management of Premacular Subhyaloid Hemorrhage.

Background: Premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage results in a sudden profound loss of vision. Among the modalities for its treatment, Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy is a non invasive method enabling rapid drainage of the obstructed macular area and improved vision within days. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy, visual outcome and complications following Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy for premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage.

Population awareness of diabetic eye disease and age related macular degeneration in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are among the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in developing countries. This study aims to explore the awareness of these retinal diseases in Nepal.

Method: A population based cross-sectional study conducted among individuals 60 years and older from the Bhaktapur district of Nepal.