Development of an intestinal mucosa co-culture model to study viral infections.

Studying viral infections necessitates well-designed cell culture models to deepen our understanding of diseases and develop effective treatments. In this study, we present a readily available 3D co-culture model replicating the human intestinal mucosa. The model combines fully differentiated human intestinal epithelium (HIE) with human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and faithfully mirrors the structural and organizational properties of intestinal mucosal tissues.

Identification of miRNAs Present in Cell- and Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-Possible Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer.

Globally, an increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) prompts a need for the development of new methods for early tumor detection. MicroRNAs (also referred to as miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs are effectively transferred to extracellular vesicle (EVs) membrane sacs commonly released by cells.

Gene Signature of Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Children with Selective IgA Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency.

Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the most common form and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most symptomatic form of predominant antibody deficiency. Despite differences in the clinical picture, a similar genetic background is suggested. A common feature of both disorders is the occurrence of autoimmune conditions.

Large extracellular vesicle (EV) and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) interaction captured in vivo during systemic inflammation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are pivotal bioactive structures involved in various processes including inflammation. Herein we report the interactions between EVs and NETs during murine endotoxemia studied in situ directly in the vasculature (cremaster muscle, liver sinusoids) using intravital microscopy (IVM). We captured NETs and EV release in real time by both non- and polarized neutrophils in liver but not in cremaster vasculature.

Current status and perspectives of the quality system in histocompatibility laboratories in Poland.

Allogeneic transplantation is a multi-step process involving many clinicians and laboratory personnel working together to achieve a common goal-to maximize the recipients' chance of survival and to improve their quality of life. One of the key elements of the process is to ensure high quality, accuracy, and reliability of histocompatibility testing. This manuscript presents: the development and organizational principles of the national system of supervision and control of histocompatibility laboratories in Poland, problems faced by these laboratories, availabe proficiency testing schemes, as well as suggestions and prospects for the future raised by members of the Polish histocompatibility community.

L. (Malabar Spinach) as an Abundant Source of Betacyanins: Identification, Stability, and Bioactivity Studies on Natural and Processed Fruit Pigments.

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acylated and decarboxylated gomphrenins, as well as L. fruit extract, were investigated in relation to gomphrenin, known for its high biological potential. The most abundant natural acylated gomphrenins, namely, 6'---caffeoyl-gomphrenin (malabarin) and 6'---4-coumaroyl-gomphrenin (globosin), were isolated from extract for the studies.

CD44‑hyaluronan axis plays a role in the interactions between colon cancer‑derived extracellular vesicles and human monocytes.

During tumor progression, monocytes circulating in the blood or infiltrating tissue may be exposed to tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs). The first stage of such interactions involves binding of TEVs to the surface of monocytes, followed by their internalization. The present study examines the role of CD44 molecules in the interactions between monocytes and EVs derived from colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SW1116).

SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs NK cell functions activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis.

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells plays a pivotal role in the control of viral infections, and their function depend on the balance between their activating and inhibitory receptors. The immune dysregulation observed in COVID-19 patients was previously associated with downregulation of NK cell numbers and function, yet the mechanism of inhibition of NK cell functions and the interplay between infected cells and NK cells remain largely unknown.

Methods: In this study we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cells can directly influence NK cell phenotype and functions in the infection microenvironment.

Isolation of Low Endotoxin Content Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Cancer Cell Lines.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of membrane vesicles released by cells in vitro and in vivo. Their omnipresence and significant role as carriers of biological information make them intriguing study objects, requiring reliable and repetitive protocols for their isolation. However, realizing their full potential is difficult as there are still many technical obstacles related to their research (like proper acquisition).

HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in females worldwide. Infection with a human papillomavirus is crucial to the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer. The natural trajectory of HPV infection comprises HPV acquisition, HPV persistence versus clearance, and progression to precancer and invasive cancer.

Unbiased proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles secreted by senescent human vascular smooth muscle cells reveals their ability to modulate immune cell functions.

Atherosclerosis, a common age-related disease, is characterized by intense immunological activity. Atherosclerotic plaque is composed of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), lipids and immune cells infiltrating from the blood. During progression of the disease, VSMCs undergo senescence within the plaque and secrete SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) factors that can actively modulate plaque microenvironment.

The Role of miRNA in Regulating the Fate of Monocytes in Health and Cancer.

Monocytes represent a heterogeneous population of blood cells that provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. The unique potential of monocytes as both precursors (e.g.

[MiRNAs - targets in cancer therapy].

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded molecules of RNA (21-23 nucleotides) which regulate the expression of different genes on a posttranscriptional level through binding to mRNA. miRNA regulate a number of biological processes such as: proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, apoptosis or oncogenesis. Many studies have proved involvement of miRNA in cancer progression from its initial stage to metastasis.

CD44 and Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (TEVs). Possible Gateway to Cancer Metastasis.

Cancer metastasis, the final stage of tumor progression, is a complex process governed by the interplay of multiple types of cells and the tumor microenvironment. One of the aspects of this interplay involves the release of various factors by the tumor cells alone or by forcing other cells to do so. As a consequence of these actions, tumor cells are prepared in favorable conditions for their dissemination and spread to other sites/organs, which guarantees their escape from immunosurveillance and further progression.

Protumorogenic Potential of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Cancer development is a highly complicated process in which tumour growth depends on the development of its vascularization system. To support their own growth, tumour cells significantly modify their microenvironment. One of such modifications inflicted by tumours is stimulation of endothelial cell migration and proliferation.

Similarities in the General Chemical Composition of Colon Cancer Cells and Their Microvesicles Investigated by Spectroscopic Methods-Potential Clinical Relevance.

Colon cancer constitutes 33% of all cancer cases in humans and the majority of patients with metastatic colon cancer still have poor prognosis. An important role in cancer development is the communication between cancer and normal cells. This may occur, among others, through extracellular vesicles (including microvesicles) (MVs), which are being released by both types of cells.

Autologous tumor‑derived microvesicles influence gene expression profiles and enhance protumorigenic chemotactic potential, signal transduction and cellular respiration in gastric cancer cells.

Tumor‑derived microvesicles (TMVs) interact with a variety of different cell types within the immune system, including lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and tumor cells that they have originated from. In the present study, the effects of autologous‑TMVs (auto‑TMVs) on gene expression, chemotaxis, intercellular signaling and cellular metabolism were examined in cells of the gastric cancer (GC) cell line 1415 (GC1415). The effects of auto‑TMVs on mRNA gene expression in GC1415 cells were assessed using pathway‑focused PCR arrays.

The Importance of HLA Assessment in "Off-the-Shelf" Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Based-Therapies.

The need for more effective therapies of chronic and acute diseases has led to the attempts of developing more adequate and less invasive treatment methods. Regenerative medicine relies mainly on the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their immunosuppressive properties and tissue repair abilities, seem to be an ideal tool for cell-based therapies.

The role of CD44H molecule in the interactions between human monocytes and pancreatic adenocarcinoma-derived microvesicles.

Introduction: CD44H is a transmembrane molecule important for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In monocytes, CD44H is implicated in phagocytosis of particles coated by hyaluronan (HA). HA fragments were shown to induce chemokine secretion by monocytes.

WNT3a and WNT5a Transported by Exosomes Activate WNT Signaling Pathways in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts.

WNT signaling plays an important role in fibrotic processes in the heart. Recently, exosomes have been proposed as novel extracellular transporters for WNT proteins. In this study, we analyzed whether WNT3a and WNT5a carried by exosomes could activate downstream molecular pathways in human cardiac fibroblasts.

Characterization of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines established from peritoneal ascites.

The three cell lines, designated as gastric cancer (GC)1401, GC1415 and GC1436 were derived from peritoneal effusions from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cell lines were established in tissue culture and in immunodeficient, non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum.

The absolute number of circulating nonclassical (CD14+CD16++) monocytes negatively correlates with DAS28 and swollen joint count in patients with peripheral spondyloarthritis.

INTRODUCTION    A different clinical course and pattern of skeletal involvement in peripheral and axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) suggests a distinct pathophysiology of these 2 phenotypic manifestations of SpA. Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of SpA, but the exact inflammatory pathways remain to be elucidated. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) and Th17 lymphocytes are also known to influence proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory reactions.

The Methods of Choice for Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Characterization.

In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a subject of intense study. These membrane-enclosed spherical structures are secreted by almost every cell type and are engaged in the transport of cellular content (cargo) from parental to target cells. The impact of EVs transfer has been observed in many vital cellular processes including cell-to-cell communication and immune response modulation; thus, a fast and precise characterization of EVs may be relevant for both scientific and diagnostic purposes.

Colorectal cancer-derived microvesicles modulate differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages.

Background: Tumour-derived microvesicles (TMVs) are important players in tumour progression, modulating biological activity of immune cells e.g. lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages.

Elevated level of some chemokines in plasma of gastric cancer patients.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This is mainly due to the lack of good noninvasive method/biomarkers suitable for early-tumour diagnosis and planning of further therapy modalities. Chemokines play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis formation.