Effects of oral administration of titanium dioxide particles on sperm parameters and fertilization potential in mice: A comparison between nano- and fine-sized particles.

Titanium dioxide particles (TiO) as the second most widely used materials in consumer products are composed of nano-sized (<100 nm) particles (NPs) and fine-sized (>100 nm) particles (FPs). Toxicological studies on animals have shown that TiO NPs exposure can cross the blood-testis barrier and accumulate in the testis resulting in testicular tissue damage and reduction of sperm count and motility. However, there is no information on the toxic effects of TiO FPs on male reproductive fertility.