Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and its Receptors in Adipose Tissue: Implications for Cold Stress Adaptation.

Adipose tissue represents an organ that is highly dynamic and contributes toward vital survival events such as immune responses, lactation, metabolism fuel, and thermogenesis. Data emerging from recent studies support the notion of adipose tissue being organized into a complex system characterized by a discrete anatomy, elevated physiological plasticity, and specific vascular and nerve supplies. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), along with its receptors, type 1 (VPAC1) and type 2 (VPAC2), has been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes.

High-intensity interval training ameliorates spatial and recognition memory impairments, reduces hippocampal TNF-alpha levels, and amyloid-beta peptide load in male hypothyroid rats.

Thyroid hormones are critical for healthy brain functions at every stage of life. Hypothyroidism can cause severe cognitive dysfunction in patients who do not receive adequate treatment. Although thyroid hormone replacement alleviates cognitive decline in hypothyroid patients, there are studies showing that there is no complete recovery.

The effects of bee venom on behavior and the role of leptin in rats.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose‑dependent effect of bee venom (BV) on behavioral functions in rats and the physiological role of leptin in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala tissues. Adult Sprague‑Dawley male rats were used in the experiments. The rats were divided into three groups of control, 0.

The effects of Spirulina platensis on behavior in adolescent rats fed a high-fat diet.

In recent years, childhood overweight and obesity have become a universal public health problem. Obesity may lead to cognitive disorders, depression and anxiety by affecting neuronal processes. Spirulina platensis (SP), a species of microalgae from the Chlorophyceae green algae class, has neuroprotective effects and may reduce body weight.

An overview of the currency and usefulness of behavioral tests used from past to present to assess anxiety, social behavior and depression in rats and mice.

Various tests have been developed to evaluate behavior in animal studies where rodents are used as animal models. These tests are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder and examining potential treatments for these disorders. The use of behavioral tests is becoming popular day by day, and studies to improve and develop these tests are still ongoing.

The effects of bee venom on liver and skeletal muscle in exhaustive swimming rats.

Oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokines are involved in exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bee venom, a natural toxin, on fatigue and tissue damage in rats that underwent forced swimming exercise. Rats were divided into four groups: control, swimming exercise (SE), bee venom (BV) and swimming exercise + bee venom (SE + BV).