UK Foot and Ankle Thromboembolism (UK-FATE).

Aims: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential complication of foot and ankle surgery. There is a lack of agreement on contributing risk factors and chemical prophylaxis requirements. The primary outcome of this study was to analyze the 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and VTE-related mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery and Achilles tendon (TA) rupture.

Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Leads to Inflammatory Activation through NF-κB Non-Canonical Pathway and Mitochondrial Remodeling.

Neurological effects of COVID-19 and long-COVID-19, as well as neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2, still pose several questions and are of both clinical and scientific relevance. We described the cellular and molecular effects of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs in vitro exposure by SARS-CoV-2 to understand the underlying mechanisms of viral transmigration through the blood-brain barrier. Despite the low to non-productive viral replication, SARS-CoV-2-exposed cultures displayed increased immunoreactivity for cleaved caspase-3, an indicator of apoptotic cell death, tight junction protein expression, and immunolocalization.

Relationship between decrement time and recovery time in pediatric total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.

Background: Propofol target-controlled infusion is now used in many countries for the administration of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and uses population pharmacokinetic data incorporated into the target-controlled infusion pump to administer a dose which will achieve a target concentration selected by the practitioner. Modern target-controlled infusion pumps can include an estimate of how long it will take for the plasma propofol concentration to fall to a value programmed into the pump, once the propofol infusion is stopped. This is known as decrement time.

Low-dose lithium supplementation promotes adipose tissue browning and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca ATPase uncoupling in muscle.

Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) uncoupling in skeletal muscle and mitochondrial uncoupling via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown/beige adipose tissue are two mechanisms implicated in energy expenditure. Here, we investigated the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition via lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment on SERCA uncoupling in skeletal muscle and UCP1 expression in adipose. C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells treated with LiCl had increased SERCA uncoupling and UCP1 protein levels, respectively, ultimately raising cellular respiration; however, this was only observed when LiCl treatment occurred throughout differentiation.

SARS-CoV-2 infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells leads to inflammatory activation through NF-κB non-canonical pathway and mitochondrial remodeling.

Neurological effects of COVID-19 and long-COVID-19 as well as neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 still pose several questions and are of both clinical and scientific relevance. We described the cellular and molecular effects of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) infection by SARS-CoV-2 to understand the underlying mechanisms of viral transmigration through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Despite the low to non- productive viral replication, SARS-CoV-2-infected cultures displayed increased apoptotic cell death and tight junction protein expression and immunolocalization.

SARS-CoV-2 infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells leads to inflammatory activation through NF-κB non-canonical pathway and mitochondrial remodeling.

Neurological effects of COVID-19 and long-COVID-19 as well as neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 still pose several questions and are of both clinical and scientific relevance. We described the cellular and molecular effects of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) infection by SARS-CoV-2 to understand the underlying mechanisms of viral transmigration through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Despite the low to non-productive viral replication, SARS-CoV-2-infected cultures displayed increased apoptotic cell death and tight junction protein expression and immunolocalization.

Mitochondrial and metabolic remodelling in human skin fibroblasts in response to glucose availability.

Cell culture conditions highly influence cell metabolism in vitro. This is relevant for preclinical assays, for which fibroblasts are an interesting cell model, with applications in regenerative medicine, diagnostics and therapeutic development for personalized medicine, and the validation of ingredients for cosmetics. Given these cells' short lifespan in culture, we aimed to identify the best cell culture conditions and promising markers to study mitochondrial health and stress in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF).

Bioabsorbable metal zinc differentially affects mitochondria in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Zinc is an essential trace element having various structural, catalytic and regulatory interactions with an estimated 3000 proteins. Zinc has drawn recent attention for its use, both as pure metal and alloyed, in arterial stents due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low corrosion rates. Previous studies have demonstrated that zinc metal implants prevent the development of neointimal hyperplasia, which is a common cause of restenosis following coronary intervention.

The safety profile and effectiveness of propofol-remifentanil mixtures for total intravenous anesthesia in children.

Background: Total intravenous anesthesia is used in less than 10% of operations in the UK. Many pediatric anesthetists in the UK and Ireland administer total intravenous anesthesia to children using a mixture of propofol and remifentanil in the same syringe. This unlicensed drug has not been studied clinically, because of lack of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK) or Food and Drug Administration (US) approval to undertake such studies.

Hypoxia inducible factors as mediators of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species homeostasis in physiological normoxia.

Although once considered by biologists almost exclusively for their toxicity, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species produced within normal cells under baseline physiological conditions are now appreciated as redox regulators of a wide range of protein functions. Two families of enzymes, the NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), are major sources of ROS/RNS from molecular oxygen. Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channels capable of transporting some ROS/RNS, in particular hydrogen peroxide and perhaps nitric oxide.

Hypoxio: a simple solution to preventing pericellular hypoxia in cell monolayers growing at physiological oxygen levels.

Culturing cells as adherent monolayers is a common approach in cell biology. For cell culture experiments to yield reliable results it is important to replicate in vivo conditions as faithfully as possible. Increasingly, researchers appreciate the importance of oxygen in cell physiology and the corresponding need to maintain physiologically relevant oxygen levels during experiments.

Practicalities of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target-controlled Infusion in Children.

Propofol administered in conjunction with an opioid such as remifentanil is used to provide total intravenous anesthesia for children. Drugs can be given as infusion controlled manually by the physician or as automated target-controlled infusion that targets plasma or effect site. Smart pumps programmed with pharmacokinetic parameter estimates administer drugs to a preset plasma concentration.

A follow-up survey of total intravenous anesthesia usage in children in the U.K. and Ireland.

Background: Total intravenous anesthesia usage in children remains relatively unpopular in the UK and Ireland. A postal survey by Hill et al in 2008 indicated that only 26% of Consultants used a propofol infusion at least once a month.

Aims: Following an increase in teaching and training opportunities in pediatric total intravenous anesthesia in the UK, we repeated the survey among Consultant members of Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and Society for Intravenous Anaesthesia, to see if this had affected total intravenous anesthesia usage in children and how practice may have changed.

Guidelines for the safe practice of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA): Joint Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists and the Society for Intravenous Anaesthesia.

Guidelines are presented for safe practice in the use of intravenous drug infusions for general anaesthesia. When maintenance of general anaesthesia is by intravenous infusion, this is referred to as total intravenous anaesthesia. Although total intravenous anaesthesia has advantages for some patients, the commonest technique used for maintenance of anaesthesia in the UK and Ireland remains the administration of an inhaled volatile anaesthetic.

Increased recurrence in Scarf osteotomy for mild & moderate hallux valgus with Meary's line disruption.

Background: Scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus is a successful procedure. Neverthless recurrence of deformity is reported as 5-8%. First ray instability is a recognised risk factor for recurrence.

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

Background: Preclinical data suggest that general anaesthetics affect brain development. There is mixed evidence from cohort studies that young children exposed to anaesthesia can have an increased risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. We aimed to establish whether general anaesthesia in infancy has any effect on neurodevelopmental outcome.

Predictors of Failure of Awake Regional Anesthesia for Neonatal Hernia Repair: Data from the General Anesthesia Compared to Spinal Anesthesia Study--Comparing Apnea and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Background: Awake regional anesthesia (RA) is a viable alternative to general anesthesia (GA) for infants undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Benefits include lower incidence of postoperative apnea and avoidance of anesthetic agents that may increase neuroapoptosis and worsen neurocognitive outcomes. The General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia study compares neurodevelopmental outcomes after awake RA or GA in otherwise healthy infants.

Anesthesia for children with pericardial effusion: a case series.

Objectives And Aims:   To review the anesthetic management of children requiring surgical intervention for pericardial effusion, determine the nature and frequency of complications and define risk factors that predict perioperative risk.

Background: Anesthesia in the presence of a pericardial effusion may be associated with significant hemodynamic compromise particularly during induction. However, the literature specifically concerning children is limited to a single-case report.

Anaesthetic considerations in paediatric myasthenia gravis.

Myasthenia gravis is of particular interest to anaesthetists because of the muscle groups affected, the pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction, and interaction of both the disease and treatment with many anaesthetic drugs. Anaesthetists may encounter children with myasthenia either to facilitate treatment options or to institute mechanical ventilation in the face of a crisis. This paper reviews the literature pertaining to the pathophysiology and applied pharmacology of the disease and explores the relationship between these and the anaesthetic management.

A randomised controlled trial of two analgesic techniques for paediatric tonsillectomy*.

Investigators from Bristol described a fentanyl- and diclofenac-based analgesic technique for tonsillectomy with low postoperative nausea and vomiting rates and low pain scores. This study compared the effectiveness of a modified Bristol technique with a codeine-based regimen with respect to PONV and analgesia. Sixty-five children, ASA 1-2, were randomly assigned to either the Bristol group (fentanyl 1-2 μg.

A case of acute papillary muscle rupture in a child with campylobacter enteritis and citrullinaemia.

We report a case of acute papillary muscle rupture associated with intercurrent Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis in a child with a diagnosis of citrullinaemia, requiring urgent mitral valve replacement.

A combination of total intravenous anesthesia and thoracic epidural for thymectomy in juvenile myasthenia gravis.

Juvenile myasthenia gravis is the acquired form of the disease in children and presents with ocular signs, fatigability, weakness and bulbar problems. The majority of patients demonstrate thymic hyperplasia and have been shown to benefit from thymectomy. The main considerations for the anesthesiologist are the degree of muscle weakness, the muscle groups involved and sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking drugs and volatile agents.