Characteristics of Pulmonary Inflammation in Patients with Different Forms of Active Tuberculosis.

Targeted treatment of tuberculosis-associated lung damage requires an understanding of the precise mechanisms of immunopathology. A major obstacle to the longitudinal study of tuberculosis (TB) immunopathogenesis in humans is the lack of serial lung biopsies during disease progression and treatment, which could be used to characterize local immune pathways involved in tissue damage. Understanding of the immunobiology of lung tissue damage in tuberculosis has largely been based on animal models.

[Differential diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis manifested by peripheral pulmonary lesion].

We present this clinical case as a demonstration of difficulties in differential diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Differential diagnostics of peripheral pulmonary lesion performed using bronchoscopy with BAL and TBCB and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) biopsy. Diagnostic specimens were tested using microbiological (luminescent microscopy, culture (BACTEC MGIT960 and Lowenstein-Jensen Medium), RT-PCR, cytological and morphological (hematoxylin-eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, PAS, Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) stainings) examinations.

Lung Inflammation Signature in Post-COVID-19 TB Patients.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects tuberculosis progression have not yet been established. Here, we compared the level of inflammation in the wall of the tuberculoma and in the parenchymal lung tissue of 30 patients diagnosed with tuberculoma without a history of COVID-19 and 30 patients diagnosed with tuberculoma 3 months after COVID-19.

MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Active Pulmonary TB Course.

The spread of drug-resistant forms of TB dictates the need for surgical treatment in the complex of anti-tuberculosis measures in Russia. Most often, surgical intervention is performed in the case of pulmonary tuberculoma or fibrotic cavitary tuberculosis (FCT). This study is devoted to the search for biomarkers that characterize the course of disease in surgical TB patients.

[Optimisation of diagnostics and differential diagnostics disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis].

One of the reasons of dramatic situation with tuberculosis in Russia is untimely diagnostics of tuberculosis. The aim of the study was to identify the causes of diagnostic mistakes when we deal with disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis at current stage and to modernize the diagnostic process. The analysis of the diagnostic activity of the consultative diagnostic center of Central Tuberculosis Research Institute of Russian Academy Medical Sciences for 2011 was performed with special attention on the results of the survey of 505 patients with pulmonary dissemination.

Genital and perianal herpes simplex simulating neoplasia in patients with AIDS.

Genital and perianal herpetic ulcers are common in HIV-infected patients and chronic mucocutaneous ulcers persisting for more than 1 month are the hallmark of active AIDS status. However, atypical clinical manifestations of herpes simplex virus (HSV) may occur in immunocompromised patients presenting as tumor-like nodules or condylomatous or hypertrophic lesions, rather than a classic ulcer. Such unusual presentations raise the risk of misdiagnosis and a delay in appropriate treatment.

[Application of total and subtotal esophagoplasty in the treatment of cicatricial esophageal stenosis].

The most safe variants of subtotal (in 58 patients) and total (in 20) esophagoplasty performance, using colonic segment (y 76) and stomach (in 2) for cicatricial esophageal stenosis with cervical anastomosis formation with pharynx (in 20) and esophagus (in 58) were used. Main stages of the patients preoperative preparation were determined, securing achievement of best immediate and late results after artificial esophagus formation. The expediency of a one-staged subtotal and total esophagoplasty performance was proved, using colonic segment, independent of the transplant length.

[The variations of transplant anastomosis to the pharynx or esophagus during partial or total esophagoplasty].

Different modifications of colic and gastric transplants connection to the gullet or esophagus in the neck have been described. The most functional and cosmetic types of anastomoses have been specified. The utility of single-stage subtotal or total esophagoplasty with the use of colon segment regardless of the transplant length has been proved.

[Outcomes of video-assisted thoracic lung resections and pneumonectomies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

The paper pools some experience with 6 videothoracoscopic and 505 video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) resections of the lung and 105 VATS pneumonectomies. The bulk of the operations [451 (73.2%)] was made for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients aged 7 to 77 years.

[Endocavitary ultraviolet laser irradiation in the preoperative preparation of patients with progressive fibrocavernous tuberculosis].

The authors have improved a procedure for preoperatively preparing patients with progressive drug-resistant fibrocavernous tuberculosis. This has been achieved by using ultraviolet laser irradiation (wavelength 248 nm) of the cavity walls in the multimodality treatment of this disease. Endocavitary laser irradiation increases preoperative preparation and surgical treatment and reduces the number of postoperative complications.

[Action of ultraviolet laser radiation on extracellular and phagocytic Mycobacteria tuberculosis in vitro].

Ultraviolet laser radiation (a wavelength of 248 nm) was examined in vitro for its bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions on M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Sterilization was achieved when a dose of 10 m/J/cm2 was applied.

Reconstructive surgery for combined tracheo-esophageal injuries and their sequelae.

Objective: To evaluate surgical options of treatment in combined tracheo-esophageal injuries and their sequelae and elaborate new ones.

Methods: The overlooked diagnosis of combined tracheo-esophageal injury would lead to severe stenosis of the esophagus and trachea with tracheo-esophageal fistula. This condition requires a complex surgical intervention to be performed with non-standard procedure in every single case.

[Prevention and treatment of complications after reconstructive surgery on the trachea].

The results of treatment of 590 patients are analyzed, to whom the operations on trachea were conducted. In 91 patient 99 complications have occurred, 35 (6.4%) patients died.

[Lasers in combined modality treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

Low-energy lasers were used in the combined preoperative treatment and therapy of 548 patients with chronic fibrocavernous tuberculosis. Indications for some types of exposure were defined, namely, transcutaneous exposure of the tuberculous involvement zone, combination of transcutaneous laser exposure and laser puncture, intravenous and endocavitary laser exposure. Low-energy lasers, as a many-factor pathogenetic exposure, are conducive to a more rapid and effective stabilization of tuberculosis progress, which helps sooner prepare the patients to surgical interventions and in some patients even do without them, reduce the number of postoperative complications, and improve the efficacy of surgical treatment of grave patients.

[The efficacy of the use of different types of lasers in the operative treatment of patients with tuberculosis of the lungs].

The efficiency of various types of lasers used in the surgical treatment of patients with tuberculosis and other diseases of the lungs and pleura was evaluated. Surgical (CO2 and YAG) and therapeutic lasers (helium-neon, ultra-violet and semiconductive) were used. The findings demonstrated that use of various lasers in lung surgery enables one to improve preoperative management, reduce the volume and traumatism of surgical interventions, decrease the number of postoperative complications and increase the effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with tuberculosis and other diseases of the lungs and pleura.