Typhimurium Level in Mealworms () After Exposure to Contaminated Substrate.

Findings of viable spp., which are important foodborne pathogens, are seemingly not reported in mealworms () for feed and food. Still, the bacterial load of mealworms is naturally high and includes members of the Enterobacteriaceae family to which belong.

Global Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104.

It has been 30 years since the initial emergence and subsequent rapid global spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 (MDR DT104). Nonetheless, its origin and transmission route have never been revealed. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and temporally structured sequence analysis within a Bayesian framework to reconstruct temporal and spatial phylogenetic trees and estimate the rates of mutation and divergence times of 315S Typhimurium DT104 isolates sampled from 1969 to 2012 from 21 countries on six continents.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wild birds on Danish livestock farms.

Background: Reducing the occurrence of campylobacteriosis is a food safety issue of high priority, as in recent years it has been the most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU. Livestock farms are of particular interest, since cattle, swine and poultry are common reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. The farm environment provides attractive foraging and breeding habitats for some bird species reported to carry thermophilic Campylobacter spp.

Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT41 in Danish poultry production.

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most prevalent serovars in Europe - where both poultry and poultry related products are common sources of human salmonellosis. Due to efficient control programs, the prevalence of S.

Reappearance of Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in Danish pig herds.

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a porcine adapted serovar which may cause serious outbreaks in pigs. Here we describe outbreaks of salmonellosis due to S. Choleraesuis in four Danish pig farms in 2012-2013 by clinic, serology, and microbiology and compare the isolates to those of a previous outbreak in 1999-2000.

Characterization of the emerging Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in Danish animal production.

The monophasic Salmonella variant with the antigenic formula Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged in the last decade as one of the main serotypes related to human salmonellosis. In the present study, a collection of 94 isolates of the S. 4,12:i:- and S.

Escherichia coli contamination of lettuce grown in soils amended with animal slurry.

A pilot study was conducted to assess the transfer of Escherichia coli from animal slurry fertilizer to lettuce, with E. coli serving as an indicator of fecal contamination and as an indicator for potential bacterial enteric pathogens. Animal slurry was applied as fertilizer to three Danish agricultural fields prior to the planting of lettuce seedlings.

Prevalence, serotypes and resistance patterns of Salmonella in Danish pig production.

The objective of this paper is to analyse in further detail the Danish results of the EFSA baseline studies in slaughter pigs and breeding herds, and compare them with the results obtained in (1) the pre-implementation study that was carried out to establish the initial prevalence values in fattening herds as part of the Danish Salmonella control programme, and (2) the study performed four years later in breeding and finishing herds to obtain information about the prevalence in breeding farms and the status of the finishers after the first years of the National Salmonella Control Programme. In the slaughter pigs Salmonella was detected in a 7.4% of 1218 ileocaecal lymph nodes and on 3.

Use of real-time PCR on faecal samples for detection of sub-clinical Salmonella infection in cattle did not improve the detection sensitivity compared to conventional bacteriology.

There is a need for more sensitive detection methods to improve effectiveness of control programmes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes (Salmonella) in cattle. We assessed the performance of a rapid, molecular-based, real-time PCR (rt-PCR) method against the conventional bacteriological culture-reference method (BCRM) on cattle faecal samples for detection of sub-clinical Salmonella infections in cattle.

Effects of feeding finisher pigs with chicory or lupine feed for one week or two weeks before slaughter with respect to levels of Bifidobacteria and Campylobacter.

This study aimed to assess whether inclusion of chicory or lupine (prebiotics) in the diet of pre-slaughter pigs for just 1 or 2 weeks could change the composition of their intestinal microbiota, stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and help to lower the amount of thermoplilic Campylobacter spp. (mainly Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli), which are a major cause of food-borne infections in humans. A total of 48 pigs that had an initial live weight of 90 kg were fed with either a lupine (organic concentrate with 25% blue lupine seeds), chicory (organic concentrate with 10% dried chicory roots) or control (100% organic concentrate) diet for 1 week (24 pigs) or 2 weeks (24 pigs) before slaughter.

The effect of a diet with fructan-rich chicory roots on intestinal helminths and microbiota with special focus on Bifidobacteria and Campylobacter in piglets around weaning.

The restrictions on the use of antibiotic and anthelmintic treatments in organic pig farming necessitate alternative non-medical control strategies. Therefore, the antibiotic and parasite-reducing effect of a fructan-rich (prebiotic) diet of dried chicory was investigated in free-ranging piglets. Approximately half of 67 piglets from nine litters were experimentally infected with Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis in the suckling period (1 to 7 weeks of age) and 58 of the piglets were challenged daily with Eschericia coli O138:F8 for 9 days after weaning to induce weaning diarrhoea.

Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella in veal calves at Danish cattle abattoirs.

The study's objectives were to determine herd- and animal-level prevalence and herd-level risk factors for Salmonella in dairy-bred veal calves at slaughter in Denmark. In total, 1296 faecal samples were collected at five cattle abattoirs in Denmark during 2007-2008. The animals came from 71 randomly selected specialized veal-calf producers that delivered more than 100 animals to slaughter per year.

Phage typing of Salmonella Typhimurium - is it still a useful tool for surveillance and outbreak investigation?

Phage typing has for decades been useful as a phenotypical, definitive method for epidemiological characterisation of Salmonella Typhimurium. The system recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborative Centre for phage typing of Salmonella has, however, become rather complex, and the present study illustrates the challenges of sufficient standardisation of the interpretation of lysis results to make sure that the same strain is assigned to the same phage type in different laboratories. Even though molecular typing methods will replace phenotypic characterisation methods in the future, it is our opinion that phage typing will remain for some time a useful tool to strengthen global Salmonella surveillance.

Transmission of Salmonella between wildlife and meat-production animals in Denmark.

Aims: To investigate the transmission of Salmonella spp. between production animals (pigs and cattle) and wildlife on production animal farms in Denmark.

Methods And Results: In the winter and summer of 2001 and 2002, 3622 samples were collected from Salmonella-infected and noninfected herds of pigs and cattle and surrounding wildlife.

Ten years of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella from Danish pig farms.

Objectives: This study analysed the trends in antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella serovars and phage types from pigs in Denmark from 1997 to 2006.

Methods: Salmonella isolates collected through the Salmonella surveillance programme in pigs were serotyped and phage-typed, and susceptibilities to the following antimicrobials were determined: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, colistin, streptomycin, sulphonamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim.

Results: No significant development of resistance occurred within the most important serovars, except Salmonella Typhimurium.

Tetracycline consumption and occurrence of tetracycline resistance in Salmonella typhimurium phage types from Danish pigs.

The aims of the present study were to investigate at the farm-owner level the effect of prescribed tetracycline consumption in pigs and different Salmonella Typhimurium phage types on the probability that the S. Typhimurium was resistant to tetracycline. In this study, 1,307 isolates were included, originating from 877 farm owners, and data were analyzed using logistic regression.

Characterization of Campylobacter phages including analysis of host range by selected Campylobacter Penner serotypes.

Background: The predominant food borne pathogen in the western world today is Campylobacter. Campylobacter specific bacteriophages (phages) have been proposed as an alternative agent for reducing the burden of Campylobacter in broilers. One concern in relation to phage biocontrol is the narrow host range often displayed by phages.

Occurrence and spread of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Danish animal herds investigated by the use of DNA typing and spatio-temporal analysis.

In the investigation we report the occurrence and spread of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium phage type (DT) 104 in 174 known Danish animal herds infected between 1996 and 2003. We applied PFGE, plasmid analysis and spatio-temporal analysis for a description of the development and spread of infection among herds. The results showed that in Denmark DT104 are mainly spread by trade of animals; however, horizontal spread of DT104 is also important and the risk of an animal herd becoming infected increased with the proximity in time and space to a DT104-infected herd.

Growth inhibitory factors in bovine faeces impairs detection of Salmonella Dublin by conventional culture procedure.

Aims: To analyse the relative importance of different biological and technical factors on the analytical sensitivity of conventional culture methods for detection of Salmonella Dublin in cattle faeces.

Methods And Results: Faeces samples collected from six adult bovines from different salmonella-negative herds were split into subpools and spiked with three strains of S. Dublin at a concentration level of c.

Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella isolates from meat and humans, Denmark.

We compared 8,144 Salmonella isolates collected from meat imported to or produced in Denmark, as well as from Danish patients. Isolates from imported meat showed a higher rate of antimicrobial drug resistance, including multidrug resistance, than did isolates from domestic meat. Isolates from humans showed resistance rates lower than those found in imported meat but higher than in domestic meat.

Transmission routes of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 between 14 cattle and pig herds in Denmark demonstrated by molecular fingerprinting.

Aims: Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 is generally assumed to be spread by contact between live animals, e.g. by trading.

The occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in organic pigs and their outdoor environment.

The occurrence and species distribution of thermophilic Campylobacter was investigated in organic outdoor pigs. An increased exposure of outdoor pigs to C. jejuni from the environment may cause a shift from a normal dominance of C.

Studies on the interaction between Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium and intestinal helminths in pigs.

Concomitant infections with helminths and bacteria may affect the course and the resulting disease outcome of the individual infections. Salmonella, Oesophagostomum, Trichuris and Ascaris coexist naturally in pig herds in Denmark, and possible interactions were studied. Pigs in one experiment were trickle infected with low or moderate dose levels of Oesophagostomum spp.

Survival and transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in an outdoor organic pig farming environment.

It was investigated how organic rearing conditions influence the Salmonella enterica infection dynamics in pigs and whether Salmonella persists in the paddock environment. Pigs inoculated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were grouped with Salmonella-negative tracer pigs.

Epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from animals and feed in Poland.

Fifty-seven Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from poultry, swine and animal feed in Poland during the years 1979-1998 and 2000-2002 were analysed with conventional and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial resistance as well as multiresistance was found, respectively, in 80.1% and 56.