сWnt signaling modulation results in a change of the colony architecture in a hydrozoan.

At the polyp stage, most hydrozoan cnidarians form highly elaborate colonies with a variety of branching patterns, which makes them excellent models for studying the evolutionary mechanisms of body plan diversification. At the same time, molecular mechanisms underlying the robust patterning of the architecturally complex hydrozoan colonies remain unexplored. Using non-model hydrozoan Dynamena pumila we showed that the key components of the Wnt/β-catenin (cWnt) pathway (β-catenin, TCF) and the cWnt-responsive gene, brachyury 2, are involved in specification and patterning of the developing colony shoots.

Selection of stable expressed reference genes in native and vitrified/thawed human ovarian tissue for analysis by qRT-PCR and Western blot.

Purpose: To select reference genes with stable messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of vitrified/thawed human ovarian tissue and to evaluate in human ovarian tissue the levels of key proteins which are commonly used as reference proteins.

Methods: Pieces of ovarian tissue were obtained during laparoscopy from patients (n = 10, 24-36 years old) who suffered from types of cancer that does not affect reproductive system. Tissue strips from the intact group were immediately placed into liquid nitrogen.

Influence of gonadotropins on ovarian follicle growth and development in vivo and in vitro.

Gonadotropins are the key regulators of ovarian follicles development. They are applied in therapeutic practice in assisted reproductive technology clinics. In the present review we discuss the basic gonadotropic hormones - recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone, its derivatives, luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin serum of pregnant mares, their origin, and application in ovarian follicle systems in in vitro culture systems.

[GASTROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS].

The results of our previous studies suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) protects the gastric mucosa of rats against stress- and indomethacin-induced gastric injury. In the present study, we investigated whether CRF may protect gastric mucosa against indomethacin-induced gastric injury on diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) 14 days before indomethacin injection.

Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors type 2, located in periaquaductal gray matter, in central and peripheral CRF-induced analgesic effect on somatic pain sensitivity in rats.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the regulation of pain sensitivity and can induce an analgesic effect in animals and humans. The periaqueductal gray matter (PAGM) of the midbrain is one of the key structures of the antinociceptive system. The aim of the study was to investigate the involvement of CRF receptor type 2 (CRF-R2 receptors), localized in the PAGM, in the analgesic effect caused by central or systemic CRF on somatic pain sensitivity in conscious rats.

Stress-induced corticosterone rise maintain gastric mucosal integrity in rats.

Background And Purpose: To investigate contribution of glucocorticoids to the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity during stress we predominantly used ulcerogenic stress models. Using these models we demonstrated that glucocorticoids released in response to the ulcerogenic stimuli attenuated their harmful action on the gastric mucosa. In the present study we hypothesized that mild stressors does not damage the gastric mucosa due to gastroprotective action of glucocorticoids released in response to these stressors.

The Realization of the Brain-Gut Interactions with Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Glucocorticoids.

Background: The brain and the gut interact bi-directionally through the brain-gut axis. The interaction is mediated by the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. The first brilliant demonstration of the brain-gut interactions was the cephalic phase of gastric and pancreatic secretion discovered by Ivan Pavlov, the first physiologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904.

[MECHANISMS OF PROULCEROGENIC EFFECT OF CORTISOL AT PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSA].

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of proulcerogenic effect of Cortisol at pharmacological dose on the gastric mucosa in rats. Cortisol (300 mg/kg, ip, single) was administered 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days before ulcerogenic stimulus (indomethacin, 35 mg/kg, sc). The gastric mucosa integrity, blood corticosterone, glucose levels, the body weight and the thymus and spleen weight were tested 4 h after indomethacin or at appropriate day after cortisol treatment (in rats without indomethacin).

[Metyrapone effect on gastroprotective action of corticotropin-releasing factor administered centrally against indomethacin-induced gastric injury].

In the present study, we investigated whether corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) injected into the brain induces protection against indomethacin-caused gastric injury and the role of glucocorticoids in the protection. Gastric injury was caused by indomethacin (35 mg/kg, s.c.

[Effect of corticotropin releasing factor(CRF) on somatic pain sensitivity in conscious rats: involvement of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors].

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the regulation of pain sensitivity and can cause an analgesic effect in animals and humans. The aim of the study was to investigate the involvement of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in CRF-induced analgesic effect (after intraperitoneal injection) on somatic pain sensitivity in conscious rats. Somatic pain sensitivity was tested by tail flick latency (tail flick test).

A wider view on gastric erosion: detailed evaluation of complex somatic and behavioral changes in rats treated with indomethacin at gastric ulcerogenic dose.

Objective: Gastric erosion is widespread side effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. To examine the complexity of the brain-gut axis regulation, indomethacin-induced gastric erosion formation was studied in connection with somatic and behavioral changes.

Methods: During a constant telemetric recording of heart rate, body temperature, and locomotion of male rats we examined the effects of 24 h fasting, indomethacin (35 mg/kg s.

[Somatic pain sensitivity under indometacin induced gastric and small intestinal injury in rats].

The aim was to study the effect of indometacin (IM) induced gastrointestinal injury on somatic pain sensitivity in awake rats. IM was administered at the ulcerogenic dose (35 mg/kg, s. c.

Quantitative proteome analysis of alveolar type-II cells reveals a connection of integrin receptor subunits beta 2/6 and WNT signaling.

Alveolar type-II cells (ATII cells) are lung progenitor cells responsible for regeneration of alveolar epithelium during homeostatic turnover and in response to injury. Characterization of ATII cells will have a profound impact on our understanding and treatment of lung disease. The identification of novel ATII cell-surface proteins can be used for sorting and enrichment of these cells for further characterization.

Tonic pain response during inflammation and stress-induced corticosterone variations in prenatally stressed infant rats: effects of maternal buspirone injected during pregnancy.

We studied the effects of injections of 5-HT1A-agonist buspirone to pregnant rats before stress exposure on corticosterone level in the dynamics of stress response to inflammatory-induced pain in 7-day-old offspring. During the period of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system hyporeactivity, the pain response in the formalin test was associated with stress-related corticosterone variations. Maternal buspirone normalized the pain reaction in prenatally stressed rats during all periods of the formalin test and modified the dynamics of the corticosterone response.

[Mechanisms of analgesic action of corticotropin-releasing factor on somatic pain sensitivity in rats].

The article reviews our recent data on the mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) effect on the somatic pain sensitivity. The involvement of opioid and glucocorticoid receptors and CRF receptors of type 2 in analgesic effect induced by systemic CRF was studied in rats. According to the data obtained CRF receptors of type 2 are involved in CRF-induced analgesia whereas CRF-induced analgesic effect may be manifested in opioid-dependent and opioid-independent forms that apparently depend on pain stimulus and anesthesia.

From gastroprotective to ulcerogenic effects of glucocorticoids: role of long-term glucocorticoid action.

Glucocorticoids may have dual action on the gastric mucosa: gastroprotective and ulcerogenic. In this article, we review the data which suggested that an initial action of endogenous glucocorticoids, including stress-produced ones as well as exogenous glucocorticoids is gastroprotective and consider possible mechanisms of the conversion of physiological gastroprotective action of glucocorticoid hormones to their pathological ulcerogenic effect.

Inflammatory pain and corticosterone response in infant rats: effect of 5-HT1A agonist buspirone prior to gestational stress.

Our researches have shown that gestational stress causes exacerbation of inflammatory pain in the offspring; the maternal 5-HT1A agonist buspirone before the stress prevents the adverse effect. The serotonergic system and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are closely interrelated. However, interrelations between inflammatory pain and the HPA axis during the hyporeactive period of the latter have not been studied.

[Gastroprotective action of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): involvement of glucocorticoids and CRF receptors type 2].

The stress response involves the activation of two corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors types 1 and 2. The pituitary type 1 CRF receptors represent the primary receptors to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and, consequently, glucocorticoid production. Exogenous CRF induces an increase in glucocorticoid production and may protect the gastric mucosa against stress-induced injury.

[Role of glucocorticoids and capsaicin-sensitive neurons in gastroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning].

The study was designed to investigate contribution of glucocorticoid hormones and capsaicin-sensitive neurons to gastroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning against injury induced by 3.5 h gastric ischemia-reperfusion in rats. The contribution of glucocorticoids was investigated by an inhibition of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone and adrenalectomy followed by corticosterone replacement.

[A comparative analysis of corticosterone, cortisol and dexametasone effects on gastric erosion in rats].

We previously demonstrated that manifestation of gastroprotective or proulcerogenic effects of single dexamethasone injection depends on duration of the hormonal action before ulcerogenic stimulus, but not on the hormonal dose. In the present study we investigated dose and time dependence of corticosterone and cortisol effects on the gastric erosion in rats in comparative aspect with dexamethasone effects. Gastric erosion was induced by indomethacin (35 mg/kg, sc) in preliminary fasted rats.

[Long-term effects of stress in critical periods of development on reactivity of adult female rats].

Effects of stress during different periods of ontogeny, namely, the prenatal, prepubertal, or their combination (prenatal+prepubertal), on the indices of psychoemotional and tonic pain-related behaviors, as well as corticosterone reactivity after pain behavior were investigated in adult 90-day-old female Wistar rats. Our data show for the first time, the similarity of effects of prenatal (immobilization stress of a rat dam during the last week of pregnancy) and prepubertal (forced swimming, pain-related response in the formalin test) stresses on the indices under study, an increase in the time of immobility and in licking duration, but the difference between effects of combined stress on these indices. Pain-related response increased corticosterone in prepubertally stressed rats while in prenatally stressed rats, decreased it.

High sensitivity of gastric mucosa to ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin in rats with diabetes.

One week after injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg intravenously), rats developed diabetes associated with a significant increase of gastric mucosa sensitivity to the ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin (35 mg/kg subcutaneously). Since potentiation of the ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin was observed only in rats subjected to fasting before drug injection, we hypothesize that this effect was caused by a drop of high glucose level in the blood after fasting.

Immediate and delayed effects of hypobaric hypoxia during early postnatal period on the functioning of digestive enzymes.

We studied immediate and delayed effects of hypobaric hypoxic stress experienced by rat pups in the early postnatal period on the digestive system. It was shown that hypoxia leads to remarkable changes in the functioning of the small intestine, as well as liver and kidney, especially in adult animals.