Hearing Loss in Children With Craniofacial Microsomia.

Objective: To evaluate the association between craniofacial phenotype and hearing loss in children with craniofacial microsomia.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Phenotypic characterization of epibulbar dermoids.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenotypic presentation, clinical course, and outcomes of epibulbar dermoids (EpDs) which are the most common congenital eye tumor in children. Sixty-eight dermoids were identified in 58 eyes of 48 patients of Seattle Children's Hospital between 1981 and 2014 via electronic medical record search. Patients were organized into: "EpD-Only" [patients without other congenital anomalies (n = 13)], "EpD-CFM" [patients with a craniofacial microsomia (CFM) diagnosis (n = 25)], and "EpD-Other" [patients with other congenital anomalies (n = 10)].

Reliable classification of facial phenotypic variation in craniofacial microsomia: a comparison of physical exam and photographs.

Background: Craniofacial microsomia is a common congenital condition for which children receive longitudinal, multidisciplinary team care. However, little is known about the etiology of craniofacial microsomia and few outcome studies have been published. In order to facilitate large, multicenter studies in craniofacial microsomia, we assessed the reliability of phenotypic classification based on photographs by comparison with direct physical examination.

Optimizing Surgical Treatment of Internationally Adopted Children With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Understanding the Family Experience.

Objective: To understand the experience of families with children undergoing cleft surgery following adoption from a country outside the United States. To identify factors, including the timing of surgery, that influence family function throughout the surgical experience.

Design: Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with parents of internationally adopted children postrepair of cleft lip and/or cleft palate and coded by a multidisciplinary study team.

Phenotypic sub-grouping in microtia using a statistical and a clinical approach.

The clinical presentation of microtia varies widely from minimal morphological abnormalities to complete absence of the ear. In this study we sought to identify and characterize sub-groups of microtia using a statistical and a clinical approach. Photographs of 86 ears were classified in relation to all the external ear components.

Maternal and infant factors associated with infancy-onset hydrocephalus in Washington State.

Objective: Hydrocephalus, a complex condition characterized by progressive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system of the brain, affects ∼ 6 in 10,000 infants and is heterogeneous in nature. Previous investigations of risk factors have not considered etiologic heterogeneity.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 1748 children with hydrocephalus identified through birth certificate check boxes and ICD-9 codes of linked hospital discharge records through the first year of life.

Clinical characteristics and surgical decision making for infants with metopic craniosynostosis in conjunction with other congenital anomalies.

Background: Metopic craniosynostosis can occur in isolation or in conjunction with other congenital anomalies. The surgical decision making and outcomes between these 2 groups are analyzed.

Methods: A retrospective review of all children evaluated in the craniofacial clinic at Seattle Children's Hospital for metopic craniosynostosis between 2004 and 2009 was performed.

Adopted children with cleft lip and/or palate: a unique and growing population.

Background: Standard clinical pathways are well established for children with cleft lip and/or palate. Treatment of internationally adopted children differs because of the late age at presentation, a newly evolving child-family relationship, and variable extent and quality of previous treatment.

Methods: The authors characterized the presentation and treatment patterns of all internationally adopted children with clefts at their institution between 1997 and 2011.

Risk factors and demographics for microtia in South America: a case-control analysis.

Background: The etiopathogenesis of microtia is still unknown in the majority of the cases, particularly for individuals presenting with isolated microtia. Our aim was to evaluate potential risk factors for this condition using a case-control approach.

Methods: We analyzed data from 1,194 live births with isolated microtia enrolled in the ECLAMC study (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas) from 1982 to 2011 and their respective controls.

The Furlow palatoplasty for velopharyngeal dysfunction: velopharyngeal changes, speech improvements, and where they intersect.

Objective: We investigated how Furlow palatoplasty changes velopharyngeal morphology and speech characteristics, as well as how the anatomical and clinical results might be related. We hypothesized that Furlow palatoplasty would result in measurable velar elongation, tightening of the genu angle, and retropositioning of the levator sling and that the achievement of these modifications might be associated with clinical speech improvement.

Design: Retrospective analysis of preoperative and postoperative videofluoroscopic and speech data.

Interrater reliability of a phenotypic assessment tool for the ear morphology in microtia.

The Elements of Morphology Standard Terminology working group published standardized definitions for external ear morphology. The primary objective of our study was to use these descriptions to evaluate the interrater reliability for specific features associated with microtia. We invited six raters from three different subspecialities to rate 100 ear photographs on 32 features.

Making the diagnosis: metopic ridge versus metopic craniosynostosis.

Introduction: The metopic suture is the only calvarial suture which normally closes during infancy. Upon closure, a palpable and visible ridge often forms which can be confused with metopic craniosynostosis. Metopic ridging (MR) is treated nonsurgically while metopic craniosynostosis (MCS) is treated surgically.

Use of antihypertensive medications and breast cancer risk.

Purpose: Use of specific antihypertensive medications (AHTs) has been hypothesized to increase breast cancer risk, but results across published studies are inconsistent.

Methods: We re-evaluated the relationship between AHT use and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of 3,201 women ≥65 years of age at recruitment now with more than double the length of follow-up (12 vs. 5 years) and substantially more breast cancer diagnoses (188 compared with 75 cases).

Evaluation of ICD-9-CM codes for craniofacial microsomia.

Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition characterized by microtia and mandibular underdevelopment. Healthcare databases and birth defects surveillance programs could be used to improve knowledge of CFM. However, no specific International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code exists for this condition, which makes standardized data collection challenging.

Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2-neu expression in first primary breast cancers and risk of second primary contralateral breast cancer.

Breast cancer survivors have a 60 % higher risk of developing a second primary asynchronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC) compared to women's risk of developing a first primary breast cancer (FBC). However, little is known about how expression of tumor markers in first breast cancers influences CBC risk. We conducted a population-based nested case-control study among women 20-74 years of age diagnosed with a first breast cancer between 1996 and 2008 in western Washington State to evaluate the association between their tumor's estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2-neu (HER2) expression, and risk of CBC.

Comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional images for phenotypic assessment of craniofacial microsomia.

Background and Purpose :  Three-dimensional surface imaging is used in many craniofacial centers. However, few data exist to indicate whether such systems justify their cost. Craniofacial microsomia is associated with wide phenotypic variability and can affect most facial features.

Diabetes and endometrial cancer: an evaluation of the modifying effects of other known risk factors.

To determine whether risk of endometrial cancer among women with type 2 diabetes differs with respect to other endometrial cancer risk factors, the authors used data from a population-based case-control study (1,303 cases and 1,779 controls) conducted in western Washington State during 1985-1999. History of type 2 diabetes was associated with endometrial cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.

Long-term use of postmenopausal estrogen and progestin hormone therapies and the risk of endometrial cancer.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess whether endometrial cancer risk among long-term users of (1) sequential estrogen plus progestin 10-24 days per month exceeds that of nonusers and (2) daily estrogen plus progestin (continuous combined hormone therapy) is below that of nonusers.

Study Design: In this population-based case-control study with 1038 endometrial cancer cases diagnosed in 1985-1999 and 1453 control subjects, exclusive users of a single form of hormone therapy were compared with never users of hormone therapy.

Results: For sequential therapy, only long-term use (> or = 6 years) was associated with increased risk (odds ratio, 2.

Endometrial cancer risk in estrogen users after switching to estrogen-progestin therapy.

Objective: It is unknown whether postmenopausal unopposed estrogen users are better off, in terms of endometrial cancer risk, switching to a combined estrogen-progestin regimen or stopping hormone use altogether.

Methods: We analyzed data from a series of three population-based case-control studies in western Washington state during 1985-1999, comparing proportions of "switchers" and "stoppers" in cases and controls. We also assessed whether the risk of endometrial cancer in either group of former unopposed estrogen users returned to that of never users.

Risk factors for the incidence of endometrial cancer according to the aggressiveness of disease.

There is a wide range of aggressiveness of endometrial tumors, some being indolent and easily treated while others metastasize and prove fatal. The authors used data from three population-based, case-control studies to determine if etiologic factors differ for aggressive disease. Interview data were obtained from 1,304 female residents of western Washington State who were 45-74 years of age and diagnosed with endometrial cancer during 1985-1991, 1994-1995, and 1997-1999 and from 1,779 controls who were of similar ages and selected primarily by random digit dialing.

Risk of invasive breast carcinoma among women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ, 1988-2001.

Background: Incidence rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have been rising, but little is known about which patients will develop invasive breast cancer or what types of tumors these patients may develop.

Methods: By using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data, the authors evaluated how types of invasive breast cancers diagnosed among 37,692 DCIS and 4490 LCIS patients differed and how clinical characteristics influenced subsequent breast cancer risk.

Results: Among DCIS patients, incidence rates of ipsilateral and contralateral invasive breast cancer were 5.