Comparative Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Lipopolysaccharide, and Palmitate on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cultured 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

We have previously reported that dysregulated lipid metabolism and inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is attributed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) rather than lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and palmitate (PA). In this study, we further compared the modulative effects of TNFα, LPS, and PA on mitochondrial function by treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TNFα (10 ng/mL), LPS (100 ng/mL), and PA (0.75 mM) individually or in combination for 24 h.

Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin and Synthetic Derivatives: A Computational Approach to Anti-Obesity Treatments.

Natural compounds such as curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from the rhizome of turmeric, have gathered remarkable scientific interest due to their diverse metabolic benefits including anti-obesity potential. However, curcumin faces challenges stemming from its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile. To address this issue, synthetic curcumin derivatives aimed at enhancing the biological efficacy of curcumin have previously been developed.

Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism.

The discovery and rejuvenation of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans have offered a new approach to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Beyond its accomplished role in adaptive thermogenesis, BAT secretes signaling molecules known as "batokines", which are instrumental in regulating whole-body metabolism via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine action. In addition to the intrinsic BAT metabolite-oxidizing activity, the endocrine functions of these molecules may help to explain the association between BAT activity and a healthy systemic metabolic profile.

Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin Derivatives against Obesity and Associated Metabolic Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, increasing the risk for chronic diseases. Thus, the need to identify more effective anti-obesity agents has spurred significant interest in the health-promoting properties of natural compounds. Of these, curcumin, the most abundant and bioactive constituent of turmeric, possesses a variety of health benefits including anti-obesity effects.

Time- and glucose-dependent differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes mimics dysfunctional adiposity.

The 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte cell line remains one of the most widely used models to study the mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies. Most studies investigate such mechanisms using mature adipocytes that have been chemically induced to differentiate for 7 days in media containing 25 mM glucose. However, the dysfunctional characteristics commonly observed in obesity including adipocyte hypertrophy, increased expression of inflammatory markers, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased steroidogenic enzyme expression/activity and production of steroid hormones, are not necessarily mimicked in these cells.

An insight into brown/beige adipose tissue whitening, a metabolic complication of obesity with the multifactorial origin.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thermoregulatory organ known to promote energy expenditure, has been extensively studied as a potential avenue to combat obesity. Although BAT is the opposite of white adipose tissue (WAT) which is responsible for energy storage, BAT shares thermogenic capacity with beige adipose tissue that emerges from WAT depots. This is unsurprising as both BAT and beige adipose tissue display a huge difference from WAT in terms of their secretory profile and physiological role.

(Honeybush) Induces Uncoupling Protein 1 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Expression in Obese Diabetic Female db/db Mice.

Previously, we reported that a crude polyphenol-enriched fraction of (CPEF), a plant consumed as the herbal tea, commonly known as honeybush, reduced lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibited body weight gain in obese, diabetic female leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice. In the current study, the mechanisms underlying decreased body weight gain in db/db mice were further elucidated using western blot analysis and in silico approaches. CPEF induced uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1, 3.

Anti-Obesity Effects of Metformin: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Feasibility of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Target.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increasingly recognized as the major therapeutic target to promote energy expenditure and ameliorate diverse metabolic complications. There is a general interest in understanding the pleiotropic effects of metformin against metabolic complications. Major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library were used to retrieve and critically discuss evidence reporting on the impact of metformin on regulating BAT thermogenic activity to ameliorate complications linked with obesity.

Disease progression promotes changes in adipose tissue signatures in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice: The potential pathophysiological role of batokines.

Unlike the white adipose tissue (WAT) which mainly stores excess energy as fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has become physiologically important and therapeutically relevant for its prominent role in regulating energy metabolism. The current study makes use of an established animal model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) db/db mice to determine the effect of the disease progression on adipose tissue morphology and gene regulatory signatures. Results showed that WAT and BAT from db/db mice display a hypertrophied phenotype that is consistent with increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α).

Changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue microRNA expression in response to exercise training in obese African women.

The mechanisms that underlie exercise-induced adaptations in adipose tissue have not been elucidated, yet, accumulating studies suggest an important role for microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aimed to investigate miRNA expression in gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (GSAT) in response to a 12-week exercise intervention in South African women with obesity, and to assess depot-specific differences in miRNA expression in GSAT and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT). In addition, the association between exercise-induced changes in miRNA expression and metabolic risk was evaluated.

Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.

Diabetic neuropathy is a risk factor for developing complications such as autonomic cardiovascular disease, osteoarthropathy, foot ulcers, and infections, which may be the direct cause of death. Even worse, patients plagued by this condition display painful neuropathic symptoms that are usually severe and frequently lead to depression, anxiety, and sleep disarrays, eventually leading to a poor quality of life. There is a general interest in evaluating the therapeutic properties of topical capsaicin cream as an effective agent for pain relief in these patients.

Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the most abundant and powerful flavonoids contained in green tea. Because of the global increase in green tea consumption, there has been a general interest in understanding its health benefits, including its bioactive compounds like EGCG. Indeed, preclinical evidence already indicates that EGCG demonstrated a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could be essential in protecting against metabolic syndrome.

Comparing the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid on lipid metabolism and inflammation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Aims: This study aimed to develop a model of dysregulated lipid metabolism and inflammation by treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and palmitic acid (PA) individually or in combination to assess their effects and mechanism of action.

Main Methods: Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with TNFα (10 ng/mL), LPS (100 ng/mL), and PA (0.75 mM) individually or in combination for 24 h.

Adiponectin as a Potential Biomarker for Pregnancy Disorders.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, mainly attributed to its insulin-sensitizing properties. Accumulating studies have reported that adiponectin concentrations are decreased during metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, with an emerging body of evidence providing support for its use as a biomarker for pregnancy complications. The identification of maternal factors that could predict the outcome of compromised pregnancies could act as valuable tools that allow the early recognition of high-risk pregnancies, facilitating close follow-up and prevention of pregnancy complications in mother and child.

Adipose tissue as a possible therapeutic target for polyphenols: A case for Cyclopia extracts as anti-obesity nutraceuticals.

Obesity is a significant contributor to increased morbidity and premature mortality due to increasing the risk of many chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Lifestyle modifications such as energy restriction and increased physical activity are highly effective first-line treatment strategies used in the management of obesity. However, adherence to these behavioral changes is poor, with an increased reliance on synthetic drugs, which unfortunately are plagued by adverse effects.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid.

Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6).

A dose-dependent effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on lipid content, cell viability and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an effective solvent and cytoprotectant agent that can induce diverse actions in experimental settings, ranging from metabolic stress to cytotoxic effects depending on the concentration used. Therefore, for the quality of experiments and reproducibility of results it is essential to establish a precise and non-toxic dose of DMSO within a specific cell system. 3T3-L1 adipocytes, represent a well-established cell model used to assess the anti-obesity potential of extracts and compounds.

Polyphenol-Enriched Fractions of Cyclopia intermedia Selectively Affect Lipogenesis and Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

species are increasingly investigated as sources of phenolic compounds with potential as therapeutic agents. Recently, we demonstrated that a crude polyphenol-enriched organic fraction (CPEF) of , currently forming the bulk of commercial production, decreased lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibited body weight gain in obese db/db mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a more effective product and/or one with higher specificity could be obtained by fractionation of the CPEF by purposely increasing xanthone and benzophenone levels.