First report of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1-producing strains in Slovakia.

Occurrence of carbapenemase-producing organisms, including New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is increasingly reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of carbapenemase producers among multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures. All carbapenem-resistant strains collected from December 2011 to December 2012 were analyzed.

Transferable fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hemocultures.

Background: The main mechanisms causing high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ) are encoded chromosomally; that includes mutations in genes coding DNA-gyrase, but overexpression of efflux pumps contributes to increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FQ as well. However, genes responsible for FQ-resistance may be harboured in transferable/conjugative plasmids. For some time, there was an assumption that resistance to FQ cannot be transferable in conjugation due to their synthetic origin, until 1998, when plasmid-mediated resistance transmission in Klebsiella pneumoniae was proved.

Four years of monitoring antibiotic resistance in microorganisms from bacteremic patients.

From the second semester of 2002 to the end of the first semester of 2005, a total of 2544 bacterial strains were isolated from the blood stream of patients with clinical sepsis and bacteremia hospitalized in six University Hospitals in the Slovak Republic. Almost 30% of strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS), about 14% were Staphylococcus aureus and, of the Gram-negative bacteria, up to 9% were Klebsiella pneumoniae. All CONS, S.

Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from bacteremic patients.

The aim of the study was to monitor the prevalence of pathogens and development of resistance in bacteria isolated from bacteremic patients. Five University Clinics and/or Regional Hospitals in the Slovak Republic participated in the study and a total of 421 isolates were collected in the second half of the year 2002. The most prevalent organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (19%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.

[Transfer of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins and aztreonam in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases].

The authors demonstrated the transferability of antibiotic resistance genes in nosocomial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from newborn children at the Paediatric University Hospital in Bratislava. Strains were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam. The determinants of resistance (carbenicillin, cephaloridine, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam) were transferred to recipient strains of Escherichia coli K-12 and Proteus mirabilis P-38.

[Variation in transfer resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam in strains of Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp. and Citrobacter sp. isolated from the same university hospitals].

Background: In the last decade were in SR documented new problems in resistance to the newer antibiotics that with regard to their structure and antibacterial properties resisted to the known mechanism of bacterial resistance. The emergence of multiple drug resistance to the new betalactams is connected both with frequent application of these drugs in the hospitals and transfer of R plasmids.

Methods And Results: We studied composition and transferability of resistance to newer betalactam antibiotics in strains of Acinetobacter sp.

En bloc transduction of imipenem resistance with other resistance determinants from a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In this report we describe a lysogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 229, from Frankfurt University Clinics, resistant to imipenem (IMI), cefotaxime (CTX), kanamycin (KAN), carbenicillin (CAR) as well as to other non-beta-lactam drugs, from which a wild-type phage could be isolated and used for transduction of an imipenem resistance determinant. All IMI-selected transductants were found to be co-resistant also to CTX, KAN and CAR.

[Mobilization of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

The authors describe a phenomenon of mobilisation of antibiotic resistance from non-transferring strains of P. aeruginosa by cultivation with strains of P. aeruginosa capable to transfer determinants of antibiotic resistance to a susceptible recipient strain, by triparental cross.

A bi-modal transfer of antibiotic resistance by conjugation and transduction from an imipenem-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 76/17224 resistant to carbenicillin (CAR), kanamycin (KAN), cefalotin (CLO), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), aztreonam (AZA), imipenem (IMI) and ofloxacin (OFL) was isolated at the Frankfurt University Hospital. This strain transferred, by conjugation, antibiotic resistance determinants to CAR, CLO, CTX, CAZ and AZA.

[Transposons coding beta-lactamase with an extended spectrum of effects and resistance to other antibiotics].

The authors present contemporary knowledge concerning the transposition of resistance genes to penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, and transposons and integrins coding resistance to other antibacterial substances. Transposition is, together with bacterial conjugation and transduction with bacteriophages, another mechanism of mobility and restructuring of resistance genes in bacterial strains of the same and also in other bacteria.

Transferable resistance to cefotaxime in nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains due to their production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Slovakia.

Transferable resistance to cefotaxime was demonstrated in 21 nosocomial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli subsequently isolated from patients in two large University clinics. Using the double-disk diffusion test, we could detect, in each such strain, as well as in E. coli 3110 K-12 transconjugants after the transfer, the production of an Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL).

[A review of new cephalosporin antibiotics].

The authors discuss some properties of recent cephalosporin antibiotics and the antibiotics effectiveness in particular of more recent generations of cephalosporins. The increasing resistance to penicillins and other antibiotics called for use effective cephalosporins of new generations. While cephalosporins of the 1st generation (cephalothin, cephazoline, and oral cephaloridine or cephaclor) are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, haemophilus bacteria and Klebsiellae, the resistance of other bacteria even against these antibiotics is increasing.

[Peroral preparations of cephalosporin antibiotics].

Three successful generations of cephalosporin antibiotics can be divided into parenteral and peroral substances. Both have similar antibacterial and hence therapeutical properties. It is usual to include into the first generation of peroral cephalosporins the so-called phenylglycine, or hydroxyphenylglycine derivatives.

Transduction of resistance to Imipenem, Aztreonam and Ceftazidime in nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by wild-type phages.

Two wild-type bacteriophages, designated AP-2 (for P. aeruginosa phage) and AP-12, have been isolated and propagated from two multiple drug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.

Transferable resistance to imipenem in hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

We monitored systematically, for more than five years, the eventual transferability of resistance to imipenem in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients in Frankfurt University Clinics. Quite recently, four strains have been found which transfer resistance to imipenem to recipient strains of P. aeruginosa.

[Experience with individual corticosteroid therapy of bronchial asthma in middle-aged and elderly patients (controlled by monitoring of blood tyrosine level)].

Blood level of tyrosine as a new clinical and laboratory indicator has been studied in bacterial asthma patients of advanced age. Tyrosine is known to affect metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones (GHs) thus reflecting GHs status of the body and permitting valid evaluation of the need in corticosteroid therapy.

[Transmission of resistance to 1st and 2d generation cephalosporins].

The authors investigated the incidence of transferable resistance in bacterial strains resistant to cephalosporins of the first and second generation in the course of two years in materials of the microbiological department of one of the larger district hygiene stations. They recorded the development of the first strains resistant also to cephamandol, although this antibiotic is not used at all in the above area, and in exceptional instances also resistance to cephotaxime. It was revealed that the transferable resistance to cephamandol is due to the presence of an enzyme which hydrolyzes this antibiotic.