Extracellular vesicles from GPNMB-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model.

Aims: The efficacy of anti-osteoporotic treatments is still limited. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) overexpressing glycoprotein non-melanoma clone B (GPNMB) on osteoporosis (OP).

Main Methods: Lentiviral vector for GPNMB overexpression or its negative control was generated and transfected into BMSCs.

Pharmacological blockade of the calcium plateau provides neuroprotection following organophosphate paraoxon induced status epilepticus in rats.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds which include nerve agents and pesticides are considered chemical threat agents. Currently approved antidotes are crucial in limiting OP mediated acute mortality. However, survivors of lethal OP exposure exhibit delayed neuronal injury and chronic behavioral morbidities.