Integrative systems biology of wheat susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum uncovers a conserved gene regulatory network and identifies master regulators targeted by fungal core effectors.

Background: Plant diseases are driven by an intricate set of defense mechanisms counterbalanced by the expression of host susceptibility factors promoted through the action of pathogen effectors. In spite of their central role in the establishment of the pathology, the primary components of plant susceptibility are still poorly understood and challenging to trace especially in plant-fungal interactions such as in Fusarium head blight (FHB) of bread wheat. Designing a system-level transcriptomics approach, we leveraged the analysis of wheat responses from a susceptible cultivar facing Fusarium graminearum strains of different aggressiveness and examined their constancy in four other wheat cultivars also developing FHB.

Assessment of Tunisian Isolates on Wheat Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Fusarium Seedling Blight Suppression.

Beneficial microorganisms, including members of the genus, are known for their ability to promote plant growth and disease resistance, as well as being alternatives to synthetic inputs in agriculture. In this study, 111 strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Florence Aurore, an ancient wheat variety that was cultivated in an organic farming system in Tunisia. A preliminary ITS analysis allowed us to cluster these 111 isolates into three main groups, (74 isolates), (16 isolates) and sp.

Infection Strategy in Wheat Involves a Highly Conserved Genetic Program That Controls the Expression of a Core Effectome.

, the main causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), is one of the most damaging pathogens in wheat. Because of the complex organization of wheat resistance to FHB, this pathosystem represents a relevant model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant susceptibility and to identify their main drivers, the pathogen's effectors. Although the catalog of effectors has been well characterized at the genome scale, in planta studies are needed to confirm their effective accumulation in host tissues and to identify their role during the infection process.

Comparative Genomics of Eight Strains with Contrasting Aggressiveness Reveals an Expanded Open Pangenome and Extended Effector Content Signatures.

, the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in small-grain cereals, demonstrates remarkably variable levels of aggressiveness in its host, producing different infection dynamics and contrasted symptom severity. While the secreted proteins, including effectors, are thought to be one of the essential components of aggressiveness, our knowledge of the intra-species genomic diversity of is still limited. In this work, we sequenced eight European strains of contrasting aggressiveness to characterize their respective genome structure, their gene content and to delineate their specificities.

Proteomics-Based Data Integration of Wheat Cultivars Facing Strains Revealed a Core-Responsive Pattern Controlling Fusarium Head Blight.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly occurring upon infection in a wide variety of small-grain cereals, is supposed to be controlled by a range of processes diverted by the fungal pathogen, the so-called susceptibility factors. As a mean to provide relevant information about the molecular events involved in FHB susceptibility in bread wheat, we studied an extensive proteome of more than 7,900 identified wheat proteins in three cultivars of contrasting susceptibilities during their interaction with three strains of different aggressiveness. No cultivar-specific proteins discriminated the three wheat genotypes, demonstrating the establishment of a core proteome regardless of unequivocal FHB susceptibility differences.

Chromatin phosphoproteomics unravels a function for AT-hook motif nuclear localized protein AHL13 in PAMP-triggered immunity.

In many eukaryotic systems during immune responses, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) link cytoplasmic signaling to chromatin events by targeting transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and the RNA polymerase machinery. So far, knowledge on these events is scarce in plants and no attempts have been made to focus on phosphorylation events of chromatin-associated proteins. Here we carried out chromatin phosphoproteomics upon elicitor-induced activation of The events in WT were compared with those in , , and mutant plants to decipher specific MAPK targets.

Searching for FHB Resistances in Bread Wheat: Susceptibility at the Crossroad.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by , is one of the most devastating fungal wheat diseases. During the past decades, many efforts have been deployed to dissect FHB resistance, investigating both the wheat responses to infection and, more recently, the fungal determinants of pathogenicity. Although no total resistance has been identified so far, they demonstrated that some plant functions and the expression of specific genes are needed to promote FHB.

Unbalanced Roles of Fungal Aggressiveness and Host Cultivars in the Establishment of the Fusarium Head Blight in Bread Wheat.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by , is the foremost destructive disease of cereals worldwide. Effector-like molecules produced by play key roles in the infection process and are assumed to be one of the essential components of the pathogen's aggressiveness. However, their nature and role in the disease are still largely misunderstood.

Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Shared and Specific Targets of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6.

In Arabidopsis, mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 constitute essential relays for a variety of functions including cell division, development and innate immunity. Although some substrates of MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 have been identified, the picture is still far from complete. To identify substrates of these MAPKs likely involved in cell division, growth and development we compared the phosphoproteomes of wild-type and , , and To study the function of these MAPKs in innate immunity, we analyzed their phosphoproteomes following microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment.

Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Isolated Mitochondria in Yeast.

Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy metabolism and cell death. Deregulation of mitochondrial functions is associated with several human pathologies (neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular diseases, type II diabetes, obesity, cancer). The steadily increasing number of identified mitochondrial phosphoproteins, kinases, and phosphatases in recent years suggests that reversible protein phosphorylation plays an important part in the control of mitochondrial processes.

X!TandemPipeline: A Tool to Manage Sequence Redundancy for Protein Inference and Phosphosite Identification.

X!TandemPipeline is a software designed to perform protein inference and to manage redundancy in the results of phosphosite identification by database search. It provides the minimal list of proteins or phosphosites that are present in a set of samples using grouping algorithms based on the principle of parsimony. Regarding proteins, a two-level classification is performed, where groups gather proteins sharing at least one peptide and subgroups gather proteins that are not distinguishable according to the identified peptides.

Behavioral characterization of prediction and internal models in adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders.

Autism has been considered as a deficit in prediction of the upcoming event or of the sensory consequences of our own movements. To test this hypothesis, we recorded eye movements from high-functioning autistic adolescents and from age-matched controls during a blanking paradigm. In this paradigm, adolescents were instructed to follow a moving target with their eyes even during its transient disappearance.

Transcriptome dynamics of a susceptible wheat upon Fusarium head blight reveals that molecular responses to Fusarium graminearum infection fit over the grain development processes.

In many plant/pathogen interactions, host susceptibility factors are key determinants of disease development promoting pathogen growth and spreading in plant tissues. In the Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease, the molecular basis of wheat susceptibility is still poorly understood while it could provide new insights into the understanding of the wheat/Fusarium graminearum (Fg) interaction and guide future breeding programs to produce cultivars with sustainable resistance. To identify the wheat grain candidate genes, a genome-wide gene expression profiling was performed in the French susceptible wheat cultivar, Recital.

Cross-talk in host-parasite associations: What do past and recent proteomics approaches tell us?

A cross-talk in host-parasite associations begins when a host encounters a parasite. For many host-parasite relationships, this cross-talk has been taking place for hundreds of millions of years. The co-evolution of hosts and parasites, the familiar 'arms race' results in fascinating adaptations.

A proteomics survey on wheat susceptibility to head blight during grain development.

The mycotoxigenic fungal species is able to attack several important cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. By causing Head Blight (FHB) disease, induces yield and quality losses and poses a public health concern due to mycotoxin production. The molecular and physiological plant responses to FHB, and the cellular biochemical pathways used by to complete its infectious process remain still unknown.

Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of chromatin-associated proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana.

The nucleus is the organelle where basically all DNA-related processes take place in eukaryotes, such as replication, transcription, and splicing as well as epigenetic regulation. The identification and description of the nuclear proteins is one of the requisites toward a comprehensive understanding of the biological functions accomplished in the nucleus. Many of the regulatory mechanisms of protein functions rely on their PTMs among which phosphorylation is probably one of the most important properties affecting enzymatic activity, interaction with other molecules, localization, or stability.

Quantitative variations of the mitochondrial proteome and phosphoproteome during fermentative and respiratory growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Unlabelled: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a facultative aerobe able to adapt its metabolism according to the carbon substrate. The mechanisms of these adaptations involve at least partly the mitochondria but are not yet well understood. To address the possible role of protein phosphorylation event in their regulation, it is necessary in a first instance to determine precisely the phosphorylation sites that show changes depending on the carbon source.

Identification of novel PAMP-triggered phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events in Arabidopsis thaliana by quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis.

Signaling cascades rely strongly on protein kinase-mediated substrate phosphorylation. Currently a major challenge in signal transduction research is to obtain high confidence substrate phosphorylation sites and assign them to specific kinases. In response to bacterial flagellin, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), we searched for rapidly phosphorylated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining multistage activation (MSA) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation modes, which generate complementary spectra and identify phosphopeptide sites with increased reliability.

Educational interventions to increase HPV vaccination acceptance: a systematic review.

Background: The Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been available for protection against HPV-associated cervical cancer and genital warts since 2006. Nonetheless, uptake has varied among countries and populations within countries. Studies have found that individuals' knowledge and attitudes toward the vaccine are associated with immunization uptake.