Gustation in insects: taste qualities and types of evidence used to show taste function of specific body parts.

The insect equivalent of taste buds are gustatory sensilla, which have been found on mouthparts, pharynxes, antennae, legs, wings, and ovipositors. Most gustatory sensilla are uniporous, but not all apparently uniporous sensilla are gustatory. Among sensilla containing more than one neuron, a tubular body on one dendrite is also indicative of a taste sensillum, with the tubular body adding tactile function.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review.

Importance: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests, is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 2.3% children aged 8 years in the US and approximately 2.2% of adults.

Adaptive Behavior in Young Autistic Children: Associations with Irritability and ADHD Symptoms.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms affect 40-60% of autistic children and have been linked to differences in adaptive behavior. It is unclear whether adaptive behavior in autistic youth is directly impacted by co-occurring ADHD symptoms or by another associated feature of both autism and ADHD, such as increased irritability. The current study examined relationships between irritability, ADHD symptoms, and adaptive behavior in 3- to 7-year-old autistic children.

Disparities in opioid overdose survival and naloxone administration in Pennsylvania.

Background: Pennsylvania has one of the highest opioid overdose rates in the US; however, since 2018 approximately 80% of people who experienced an opioid overdose in the state survived. More attention has been paid to opioid overdose mortality despite notable individual and geographic differences in overdose survival. Naloxone is an essential tool in increasing chances of survival after opioid overdose, but its availability and the rate at which it is administered differs by county in Pennsylvania and nationally.

Adolescents With Eating Disorders in Pediatric Practice - The European Academy of Paediatrics Recommendations.

In the face of the growing number of adolescents suffering from eating disorders (EDs) and access to psychiatric care limited by the epidemiological and demographic situation, the primary care pediatrician's role in diagnosing and treating EDs is growing. The European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) decided to summarize knowledge about EDs and formulate recommendations to support European pediatricians and improve care for adolescents with EDs.

Citalopram Did Not Significantly Improve Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Undergoing Treatment for Core Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Trial to Reduce Repetitive Behaviors.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common co-occurring conditions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite their prevalence and impact, there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at evaluating the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for anxiolysis in this population, who may have a different biological basis for anxiety. Secondary analyses of the STAART double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT of citalopram in children with ASD examined whether citalopram reduced anxiety measured on the parent-reported Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4 (CASI-4) as the primary outcome.

An External Validation of Scoring Systems in Mortality Prediction in Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) offers the last resort in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Various scoring systems have been established, yet external validation of these scoring systems in the Asian population remains scarce. We aim to identify factors associated with hospital mortality and to validate various scoring systems in the prediction of hospital mortality.

Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background: Experimental studies and small clinical trials have suggested that treatment with intranasal oxytocin may reduce social impairment in persons with autism spectrum disorder. Oxytocin has been administered in clinical practice to many children with autism spectrum disorder.

Methods: We conducted a 24-week, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of intranasal oxytocin therapy in children and adolescents 3 to 17 years of age with autism spectrum disorder.

Diet and Nutrition of Adult Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Parasitoid of Filth Flies.

Most parasitoid wasps parasitize herbivorous insects, so nectar from flowers is readily available. However, parasitoid wasps are also an important component of the rich invertebrate communities at livestock facilities in large accumulations of manure, where flowers are largely absent. Little is known about adult parasitoid diet and nutrition in these communities.

Preoperative bevacizumab does not increase complications following cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Background: Preoperative bevacizumab has been reported to increase postoperative complication risk following cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC). We sought to review our experience with preoperative bevacizumab in patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal surface malignancy.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients who received neoadjuvant systemic therapy with or without bevacizumab prior to CRS/HIPEC at a high-volume academic center from 2007-2018.

Predictors of Caregiver Strain for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face higher levels of caregiver strain compared to parents of children with other disabilities. This study examined child clinical features that predict high levels of caregiver strain for 374 parents of children with ASD. Caregiver strain was measured using the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) objective, subjective internalized, and subjective externalized subscales.

Oral and Topical Insecticide Response Bioassays and Associated Statistical Analyses Used Commonly in Veterinary and Medical Entomology.

Veterinary and medical entomologists who are involved in research on pest control often need to perform dose-response bioassays and analyze the results. This article is meant as a beginner's guide for doing this and includes instructions for using the free program R for the analyses. The bioassays and analyses are described using previously unpublished data from bioassays on house flies, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), but can be used on a wide range of pest species.

Silver-Catalyzed, -Formylation of Amines Using Glycol Ethers.

A silver-catalyzed protocol was found to afford the -formylation of amines in moderate-to-good yields. Ethylene glycol-derived, oligomeric ethers were found to function as the formylating agent, with 1,4-dioxane affording the best results. This reaction does not require the use of stoichiometric activating reagents, and avoids the use of explosive reagents or toxic gases, such as CO, as the C1 synthon.

Rationale, design, and methods of the Autism Centers of Excellence (ACE) network Study of Oxytocin in Autism to improve Reciprocal Social Behaviors (SOARS-B).

Objective: To describe the rationale, design, and methods of the Autism Centers of Excellence (ACE) network Study of Oxytocin in Autism to improve Reciprocal Social Behaviors (SOARS-B).

Method: This phase 2 clinical trial was designed to evaluate the use of intranasal oxytocin treatment to improve social difficulties in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In total, 290 participants ages 3 to 17 years with a DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD were enrolled to receive 24 weeks of treatment with either oxytocin or a matched placebo at one of seven collaborating sites.

The Meningioma Enhancer Landscape Delineates Novel Subgroups and Drives Druggable Dependencies.

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor with current classification offering limited therapeutic guidance. Here, we interrogated meningioma enhancer landscapes from 33 tumors to stratify patients based upon prognosis and identify novel meningioma-specific dependencies. Enhancers robustly stratified meningiomas into three biologically distinct groups (adipogenesis/cholesterol, mesodermal, and neural crest) distinguished by distinct hormonal lineage transcriptional regulators.

Toxicity of fluralaner, a companion animal insecticide, relative to industry-leading agricultural insecticides against resistant and susceptible strains of filth flies.

Filth flies cause billions of dollars of losses annually to the animal production industry. Fluralaner is a relatively new pesticide currently sold for control of fleas, ticks, and mites on companion animals and poultry. We examined the efficacy of fluralaner against three species of filth flies.

Quad S2-Alar-Iliac Screw Fixation via Navigated Spinal Robotics With Software Planning: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

The use of robotic guidance for spinal instrumentation has become promising for its ability to offer the advantages of precision, accuracy, and reproducibility. However, utilization and adoption of robotic platforms for spine surgery remain limited especially in comparison to other surgical fields. We present here a case of a 71-yr-old man with a prior T4-pelvis long-segment fusion who presented with distal sacro-iliac instrumentation loosening with pseudarthrosis.

A Field-Relevant Concentration of the Insecticide Imidacloprid Affects Grooming, Locomotion, and Longevity in the Biological Control Agent Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

Foreign materials like insecticides may increase grooming in insects; and generally, grooming may be expected to reduce effects of insecticides, but this may not be the case when grooming involves the mouth and hence a risk of ingestion. To examine this, female Spalangia endius, a wasp that parasitizes filth fly pupae, were exposed to a surface coated with a low concentration of imidacloprid or not. Their mouthparts were sealed or not to determine whether sealing is a useful method for examining effects of mouth grooming.

Feeding Response to Select Monosaccharides, Sugar Alcohols, and Artificial Sweeteners Relative to Sucrose in Adult House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

Use of insecticidal baits risks the evolution of resistance to the feeding stimulant in the bait, not just to the active ingredient (toxicant). Sucrose-based baits are widely used against house flies, Musca domestica L. The baits are applied as dry granules, but readily liquefy.

Overemphasis of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Evaluation Subverts a Clinician's Ability to Provide Access to Autism Services.

A concerning trend has emerged in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that has a negative impact on care. Quite often, a clinician's diagnosis of ASD using DSM-5 criteria is no longer sufficient for individuals with ASD to access services. Insurance companies, school districts, and developmental disability agencies commonly require an Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) to be eligible for services.

Decaying Organic Matter Does Not Remove Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Mating in Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Parasitoid of Filth Flies.

Both the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius Walker and the insecticide imidacloprid are used to control house flies. A recent study found that negative sublethal effects of imidacloprid on killing flies and on offspring production by this parasitoid wasp are eliminated when females have the opportunity to crawl through decaying matter. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the presence of decaying matter reduces the amount of pesticide on their bodies.

Developmental social vulnerability as the intrinsic origin of psychopathology: A paradigm shift from disease entities to psychiatric derivatives within human diversity.

How a social episode is perceived by a person and how the experience affects her/his subsequent behaviors will inevitably and sometimes accidentally vary in each case on the developmental trajectory from the birth of consciousness to death. Both the preceding developmental conditions and the social impact of the episode become a starting point for the following states of human complex conditions, creating the extraordinary diversity that characterizes our complex society. In this evolutionarily carved landscape, genetic factors including stochastic epistasis, environmental modification, and gene-environment interactions are all active.

A Neonicotinoid Affects the Mating Behavior of Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Biological Control Agent of Filth Flies.

Spalangia endius Walker is a parasitoid wasp that is commercially available as a biological control agent for filth fly pests in livestock-rearing operations. Imidacloprid is often used to control these flies. The present study examined the sublethal effect of field-realistic concentrations of imidacloprid on mating behavior, offspring sex ratios, and male preference for virgin females.