Twenty Years of Legal Marriage for Same-Sex Couples in the United States: Evidence Review and New Analyse.

Twenty years ago, the United States was divided by heated debates over legalizing marriage for same-sex couples. Those in favor argued that granting same-sex couples access to marriage would strengthen commitment for same-sex couples, extend the financial benefits of marriage to same-sex households, and improve outcomes for children raised by same-sex parents. Those who were opposed argued that granting legal status to marriages between same-sex partners would alter the foundation of marriage and diminish its value for different-sex couples, ultimately harming children by making them less likely to be raised in stable, two-parent families.

Comparison of clinical outcomes and complications in 2-part vs. 3- or 4-part proximal humerus fractures treated using an intramedullary nail designed to capture the tuberosities.

Background: Intramedullary nail fixation for proximal humerus fractures has been shown to provide satisfactory results. The quality of reduction correlates with clinical outcomes, the rate of complications, avascular necrosis, and postoperative loss of fixation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and complications of 2-part proximal humerus fractures compared to 3- or 4-part proximal humerus fractures.

Are novel or locally adapted pathogens more devastating and why? Resolving opposing hypotheses.

There is a rich literature highlighting that pathogens are generally better adapted to infect local than novel hosts, and a separate seemingly contradictory literature indicating that novel pathogens pose the greatest threat to biodiversity and public health. Here, using Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the fungus associated with worldwide amphibian declines, we test the hypothesis that there is enough variance in "novel" (quantified by geographic and phylogenetic distance) host-pathogen outcomes to pose substantial risk of pathogen introductions despite local adaptation being common. Our continental-scale common garden experiment and global-scale meta-analysis demonstrate that local amphibian-fungal interactions result in higher pathogen prevalence, pathogen growth, and host mortality, but novel interactions led to variable consequences with especially virulent host-pathogen combinations still occurring.